Sunday, May 1, 2022

Part 3 : The Atlantis Encyclopedia.... Balam Qitze To Crannog

The Atlantis Encyclopedia
by Frank Joseph

Balam-Qitze 
According to the cosmological Popol Vuh, the Mayan “Book of Counsel,” he was unanimously elected chief by the U Mamae to lead the “Old Men” across the Atlantic Ocean from Patulan-Pa-Civan, their realm drowning beyond the eastern horizon. Balam-Qitze appears to have been the authentically Atlantean name of a leader who conveyed survivors from Atlantis to Yucatan. (See Giron-Gagal, U Mamae) 

Bailey, Jean 
An 18th-century French Atlantologist who traced Atlantean influences into Scandinavia. (See Rudbeck) 

Balearic Islands 
An archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, ranging from 50 to 190 miles off the east coast of Spain, forming two distinct island groups, which are actually a continuation of the Andalusian Mountain chain. An Early Bronze Age people settled in the Balearics who were notable for their military aggressiveness, as evidenced in surviving representations on stone stelae of helmeted warriors bearing long swords. They were invaders of the Mediterranean from Atlantis, during that empire’s later, imperialistic phase, as described by Plato. Their Atlantean identity is underscored by a number of great, stone watchtowers, found mostly on Majorca, still remembered as talaia or talayot, derivatives of Atlas.

Balor 
In Old Irish folklore, he was the king of the Formorach, a giant “Sea People.” Balor led them to Ireland, where they arrived as its first inhabitants after a great flood destroyed their former kingdom. Later renditions of his myth put his original homeland in Spain or North Africa. Although corruptions of the earliest version, they nonetheless properly indicate the general direction from which the Formorach came, because the island of Atlantis lay about 200 miles west of Gibraltar.

Basilea 
In Greek folk tradition, the sister of Atlas, who was elected the Queen of Atlantis after the death of her husband, Uranus, an early king. Her name, in fact, means, “queen.” She remarried with Hyperion, and bore him a son and daughter, Helios and Selene, deities of the sun and moon, respectively. A variant of her myth had the other Atlantean kings, afraid Hyperion would seize the throne of Atlantis and establish his family as a usurping dynasty, conspire to assassinate him and his son. Their deaths occasioned the suicide of Selene and the madness of Basilea. According to Lewis Spence, “When her subjects endeavored to restrain her, a terrible tempest of rain, thunder, and lightning broke forth, and she was seen no more.” He believed her story signified the triumph of the powers of darkness over light (Helios), a reference to the Atlantis catastrophe itself, when neither sun nor moon were visible because of ash clouds which encircled the globe. 

The “Arcane Tradition,” he writes, reported that, after her disappearance, Basilea took the place of her dead daughter to become the moon-goddess, and assisted Atlas in his creation of astrology-astronomy. 

Basque 
The English and French word used to describe a people who refer to themselves as the Euskotarak. They inhabit the Bay of Biscay in both France and Spain, including the western foothills of the Pyrenees Mountains. There are only about 1.25 million Basque people, living mostly in Europe but also in communities in South and North America, particularly the state of Nevada. Stocky, with auburn hair and gray eyes, they are genetically distinct from both French and Spanish and speak a unique tongue totally unrelated to any European language. Euskara is spoken by approximately half a million persons worldwide. It shares some affinity with Finno-Urgic Patumnili, the tongue of ancient Troy; Etruscan, as spoken by the pre-Roman civilizers in west-central Italy; Guanche, belonging to the native inhabitants in the Canary Islands; and, most surprisingly, Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, in ancient Mexico. Each one of these disparate peoples played important roles in the story of Atlantis.

A revealing cognate is “Atalya,” the name of a prehistoric ceremonial mound in Biarritz, in Basque country. “Atalaia” is also a site in southern Portugal featuring Bronze Age tumuli, or domed tombs, dating to the high imperial phase of Atlantis, in the 13th century B.C. Another “Atalya” is a Guanche region high in the central mountains of Gran Canaria that could pass for a scene taken directly from Plato’s account of Atlantis. “Atalya” is the name of a holy mountain in the Valley of Mexico, venerated by the Aztecs at the time of their discovery by the Spaniards in the 16th century.

Clearly, “Atalya” carries the same meaning in Euskara, Iberian, Guanche, and Nahuatl, the Aztec language; namely, the description of a sacred mountain, mound, or mound-like structure, and apparently derivative of “Atlas,” the holy peak at the center of the island of Atlantis. The “Atalya” of the Basque, Iberians, Guanches, and Aztecs were probably meant to commemorate, in both word and configuration, that original Mount Atlas, from which their ancestors fled the destruction. Indeed, they all preserved stories of a great flood that preceded the establishment of their own civilizations.

Parallels between Euskara and pre-Columbian speech are underscored by a traditional ball game known alike to Europe’s Euskotarak and the ancient Maya of Middle America. Rules of the Basque Pelota are identical in numerous details to the otherwise unique Maya version. “These similarities,” observed the noted German Atlantologist, Otto Muck, “form a bond between peoples on two sides of the Atlantic, pointing to a common cause, a common center: Atlantis, heartland of this long-vanished maritime power.”

There is an additional link between the Basques and the ancient Canary Islanders: the Guanches practiced a singular goat cult with rituals likewise observed in traditional Basque witchcraft. Basque folktales still recount the Aintzine-koak, their seafaring forefathers who arrived in the Bay of Biscay after “the Green Isle,” Atlaintika, went under the waves. Atlantida is a national Basque poem describing their ancient greatness in Atlaintika, its fiery collapse into the sea with most of its inhabitants, and the voyage of survivors to southwestern Europe. Although composed in the 19th century, “like many other epics committed to paper long after their first telling,” according to a Reader’s Digest investigation, “it is based on ageold folk belief and oral tradition.”

In 1930, the famous German writer Ernst von Salomon reported a claim made by a native of the Pyrenees: “The Basque are the last of a more beautiful, freer, prouder world, long ago sunk beneath the sea.” 

Historian Robert Gallop writes, “These fireside tales of the Basques are a strange hotchpotch of legends which must have reached them from east and south and north, and—who knows?—perhaps even from the west, if there is anything to the Atlantis theory!” (165). 

Racially, the Basque have been associated by some anthropologists with the pre-Indo-European people who occupied the western Mediterranean until the eighth century B.C. If so, the Euskotarak may be the last direct descendants of Atlantis, and their strange language is perhaps the same heard in that lost world, more than 3,000 years ago. (See Atlaintika, Belesb-At, Muck) 

Bath 
See Orichalcum, Findrine. 

Battle of Mag Tured 
Also known as Moytura, a military campaign in which the Formorach were defeated by the Tuatha da Danann, as described in The Book of Invasions. Stripped of its mythic colors, Mag Tured tells how the Atlanteans lost control of Ireland to Celtic invaders.

The Begetting of Nanna 
A late third-millennium B.C. Sumerian epic in which Atlantis is described, according to Noah Kramer: “Behold, the Bond-of-Heaven-and-Earth, the kindly wall, its pure river, its quay where the boats stand, its well of good water, its pure canal!” Here, at the birthplace of the gods, they “built the lofty stage-tower on the nether-sea, and chapels for themselves,” devised the first laws, and founded the science of astronomy-astrology. 

The Babylonian version of the Sumerian Ea was Marduk, who “made supreme the glorious city, the seat dear to their [the gods’] hearts, constructed an enclosure around the waters.” In a liturgical text, Ea is described as “the lord who dwells in a fane in the midst of the ocean” (Gaster, 135). 

These mythic accounts of Enki’s “sea-house,” Ninhursag “cosmic mountain” and Ea’s “glorious city in the midst of the ocean” are self-evident portrayals of the same homeland of civilization Plato depicts in his Atlantis dialogue. Ninhursag “Bond-of-Heaven-and-Earth” is Atlas, “the Upholder” of the heavens, inventor of astrology-astronomy, etc. (See Atlas) 

Belesb-At 
The Basques’ sunken “Green Isle” from which their ancestors arrived in the Bay of Biscay. “Belesb” is a prefix or title referring to the sun-god Bel, whose symbol, the oriphile swastika, adorns many of the oldest houses in the Pyrenees, and is still revered as a Basque national emblem. Belesb-At is a clear reference to Atlantis. (See Basque, Atlaintika)

Belial 
The last generations of Atlantis in the 14th and 13th centuries B.C. overindulged themselves in luxury and military aggression. Their monopoly of the copper trade made them the wealthiest, most influential people in the civilized world, enabling them to build an empire unrivaled in size and splendor until the Roman Imperium. National affluence became the new religion, personified in Belial, less a god than the deification of materialism. His followers grew increasingly obsessed with technology to maintain and generate luxuries, while earlier nature cults fell into decline through popular obsession with shallow distractions, until his became the dominant state-monotheism.

Belial was an accurate projection of the decadent Atlanteans, when transient wealth, power, and pleasure alone interested them. In his name, they despoiled not only other peoples, but the Earth itself, until their homeland was obliterated by a natural catastrophe. The worship of Belial escaped with his surviving followers, who transplanted his cult in the British Isles and the Near East. Over time, his narrow materialism was interpreted by the ancient Irish to signify deserved abundance. They re-enshrined him in their Beltane festival, celebrating the munificence of the sun and the goodness it implied. Staying closer to his original conception, the plutocratic Babylonians appropriately made him their chief god: Bel, “Lord of Heaven and Earth.”

His Atlantean identification is certain, because he brought about the catastrophe in the Babylonian version of the Great Flood. His rehabilitation from the wicked god responsible for the destruction of Atlantis is described in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, where Bel is ordered by his superior, Ea, another flood-god: “You did not listen to my counsel and caused the deluge. Yes, punish the sinner for his crimes and the evil-doer for his wickedness, but be merciful and do not destroy all mankind” (Mackenzie). Henceforward, Bel was worshiped as a protector of the virtuous and the maker of kings. But he was seen for what he really represented by the writers of the Old Testament, where his name became the epithet for an evil or subversive person. In later Jewish apocryphal literature, Belial was synonymous for Satan himself. 

Benoit, Pierre 
Author of the popular L’Atlantide (1920), among the most successful novels about the lost civilization, translated in England as Atlantida and in the United States as The Queen of Atlantis. An atmospheric silent movie version in 1929, produced by the renowned German director G.W. Papst and starring Brigitte Helm, has since become a “classic” film. It was remade 20 years later in Hollywood with Maria Montez and Jean Pierre Aumont. (See Dionysus of Mitylene)

Benten, or Benzaiten 
Goddess of civilization (music, eloquence, fine arts, seamanship, etc.), which she brought to ancient Japan from her lost kingdom across the sea on a great ship.Her shrines at Biwa-ko, or Lake Biwa, and in Tokyo, at Shinobazu, are adorned with discernibly Atlanto-Lemurian symbolism. In keeping with her identity as the country’s earliest culture-bearer, the oldest indications of human occupation are found around the shores of Lake Biwa. (See Chikubujima, Shinobazu)

Bergelmir 
A Norse giant, who, with his wife, escaped the catastrophic flood that destroyed a former age. They sired a new race, the Jotnar, after establishing his realm, Jotunheim. Bergelmir’s myth is similar to other ancient traditions around the world describing a cataclysmic deluge from which only a few survivors emerge to found new dynasties, races, or kingdoms. 

Berlitz, Charles 
American author (1913 to 2003) of The Mystery of Atlantis (1974) and Atlantis, the Eighth Continent (1984), which revived popular interest in the subject after more than 40 years of general neglect. As the innovative president of an internationally famous language training school in France that he inherited from his grandfather, Maximilian (1878), his expertise in various tongues, ancient and modern, led him to conclude that many derived from a single, prehistoric source. Beginning in the Bahamas, Berlitz followed his line of research back to the lost civilization of Atlantis. His renowned credentials as a professional linguist with 26 years as an intelligence officer in the U.S. Army helped restore credibility to Atlantean studies, which continue to this day. 

Berosus 
A Chaldean high priest who lived around the turn of the third century B.C. Although the Greeks knew him as “Berosus,” his real name was Bel-Usur, a priest of Bel in Babylon. The worship of Belial, the icon of a controlling cult in Atlantis during its last years, was carried to Mesopotamia after the destruction, and reestablished as “Bel” in a new temple, as described by Berosus, who, serving there, read the story of the Atlantean flood. His three-volume history of Babylon, written in Greek, was regarded by scholars throughout classical times as authoritative. During 1928, his reputation for accuracy was reaffirmed by German archaeologists, who found corroborating evidence described in a late-Babylonian tablet discovered at the ruins of Uruk, the former capital, predating Berosus by 1,000 years. 

He opened his first volume by describing the origins of Babylonian civilization, which began with the arrival of culture-bearers after a great flood. Their leader was the half-man, half-fish Oannes, who came from the sea with all the arts and technology from a preceding high culture. His characterization is not to be taken literally, but was more a poetic metaphor signifying Oannes’s prodigious seafaring skills, in much the same way an outstanding swimmer is described as “half fish.” Oannes came ashore daily to instruct the natives of Eridu in the secrets of canal-building, irrigation, agriculture, literature, mathematics, civil engineering, metallurgy, pottery, music, art, astrology-astronomy, city-planning, temple-building—all the arts of civilization. He also exercised power over the souls of the ocean, perhaps a reference to an Atlantean priest who conjured the spirits of the dead in the submerged Atlantis.

In the Akkadian language, he was known as Nun-Amelu, a comparison Bailey makes with the Egyptian Nun, a god of the primal sea, who carried men and gods to the Nile Valley after a flood in the Distant West. A contemporary of Berosus, the Greek writer, Orpheus, reported that “Egypt and Chaldea are twin sisters, daughters of Poseidon,” the sea-god creator of Atlantis. Bailey also reproduces the impression of a Sumerian cylinder seal portraying Oannes, known to the Sumerians as Ea, paying homage to a bearded figure bent on one knee while supporting the sky—the classic image of Atlas reproduced throughout the ancient world—thereby associating the Mesopotamian culture-bearer with Atlantis.

In his second volume, Berosus described in some detail the Deluge itself, characterizing it as a worldwide natural catastrophe that wiped out most of humanity and obliterated a former kingdom of enormous power and wisdom. He wrote that there were “ten kings before the flood,” some of whose surviving descendants sailed to Mesopotamia, where they reestablished civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Since then, every Babylonian monarch had to prove direct descent from these antediluvian regents before legitimately assuming the throne. In Timaeus, Plato also said that there were 10 kings of the Atlantis Empire previous to its destruction. 

Berosus was almost certainly privy to the same kind of original Atlantean documents Plato and/or Solon saw at the Temple of the Goddess Neith, in the Egyptian city of Sais, in the Nile Delta. (See Oannes) 

Bimini Road 
Bimini is an island in the Bahamas, 55 miles east of Miami, Florida, approximately 7 miles long and 1/3 mile across at its widest point. Its modern inhabitants are descendants of West African slaves imported by Spain and Britain beginning in the mid-16th century. They replaced the resident Caribs, who arrived only a few generations before and after whom the Caribbean Sea was named. Bellicose cannibals from Middle America’s mainland, the Caribs feasted on the island’s earliest known inhabitants, the Lucayans, a linguistic branch of Arawak Indians. Before their extermination (consumption?), the Lucayans were described by Spanish explorers as able craftsmen (surviving Lucayan celts and hammer-stones attest to their refined skills), with noticeably lighter complexions and auburn hair, even occasional blue eyes. These untypical traits may have been genetic traces of contacts with pre-Columbian visitors from Europe, or even racial evidence for an Atlantis pedigree, in view of the following information.

The origin and meaning of “Bimini” are unknown. However, the name appears in the Ancient Egyptian language as Baminini, which means, “Homage (ini) to the Soul (ba) of Min.” Min was the Egyptians’ divine protector of travelers on far-off journeys, a particularly appropriate god to be worshiped at distant Bimini, if indeed the island had been visited by voyagers from the Nile Valley. Material evidence for an Egyptian or, at any rate, an Egyptian-like presence in the western Atlantic appeared during the late 1930s, when James Lockwood, Jr., an American archaeologist in Haiti, saw a stone statue of the ancient Egyptian god of the dead, Anubis, that had been discovered on an off-shore island.

The Lucayans knew Bimini as “Guanahani,” another curious connection with the Ancient World, because the name translates as “the Island (hani) of Men (guana)” in the language of the Guanches. These were native inhabitants of the Canary Islands, off the northwest coast of North Africa, until their utter demise at the hands of the Spanish in the 15th and 16th centuries. Although no monumental buildings were found on Bimini, in Arawak, Guanahani meant “the Place of the Encircling Walls”; in Arawak, hani was also synonymous for “crown” or “wreath.” This oldest known name for the island may have referred to a large stone formation lying in 19 feet of water less than 2 miles off Bimini’s northernmost point.

It is composed of so far unnumbered but certainly no less than 5,000, mostly square-cut blocks running in a straight line for about 1,900 feet, before swinging back on itself to create a J-formation. To early observers, it resembled a paved road running across the bottom of the sea. But the general consensus of investigators since then tentatively identifies the structure as a cyclopean wall, not unlike Andean examples found in Peru, specifically, at Cuzco and Sacsahuaman. Unfortunately, it continues to be known by its first and misleading appellation.
If removed from its underwater location, the Bimini Road would resemble the Peruvian walls of Sacsahuaman.
In 1933, Edgar Cayce, during one of his trance states, said that records from Atlantis still existed “where a portion of the temples may yet be discovered, under the slime of ages of sea water—near what is known as Bimini.” The little island was not Atlantis itself, he explained, but its outpost, known many thousands of years ago as Alta, extending (politically) to east-coastal Florida, and part of a wider Atlantean administration known as Poseidia, comprising the Lesser Antilles. In 1940, the Sleeping Prophet” predicted, “Poseidia will be among the first portion of Atlantis to rise again. Expect it in ’68 and ’69; not so far away!” The so-called “Bimini Road” was, in fact, “discovered” in 1968 by maverick archaeologist Mason Valentine, while looking for Atlantean remains around the island in hopes of confirming Cayce’s prophesy.

Since then, the underwater site has been subjected to continuous investigation by researchers convinced it is an Atlantean ruin and critics sure it is nothing more than a natural formation of beach rock. The latter, despite their standard array of academic credentials, have for more than 30 years failed to show an analogous arrangement of beach rock, not only at Bimini, but anywhere else in the world. Allegedly similar examples from Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas, or near Sri Lanka, cited as evidence for its entirely natural provenance, are so unlike the linear, organized blocks found at Bimini that such comparisons are worthless. Moreover, core-drillings at the Bimini Road, beginning in the mid-1980s, extracted micrite, which does not occur in beach rock. Some of its stones contain conglomerations of aragonite and calcite, patterns likewise missing from beach rock.

Florida geologist, Eugene A. Shinn, a harsh critic of theories on behalf of the Bimini structure’s artificiality, radio-carbon dated the stones, which range in age from 2,000 to 4,000 years before present. The oldest end of this time parameter coincides with the Middle Bronze Age, just when port facilities resembling the Bimini site were being constructed in the Near East, and Atlantis was nearing the apogee of its material greatness, according to researchers who argue that Plato’s sunken city flourished from 3000 to 1200 B.C.

The underwater ruin appears to be the foundation of a continuous rampart which originally formed an elongated oval (the Lucayans’ “Encircling Wall”?) to shelter seagoing vessels. A harbor at the north end of Bimini makes abundant maritime sense, because its location serves two fundamentally important prerequisites for transoceanic travel: First, the island stands directly in the path of an Atlantic current that travels like an underwater conveyor belt—northward, parallel to New England shores, then due east toward the Azores, the British Isles, and Western Europe. Second, Bimini is the last landfall for fresh water before a transatlantic voyage from North America.

The discovery at Bimini of additional, prehistoric evidence underscores the site’s ancient, man-made identity. These include colossal effigy mounds shaped like fish and other zoomorphic and geometric figures, together with additional blocks also found at 19-foot depths, about 3 miles northeast of the road, resembling Tiahuanaco’s squared columns in the high Andes of Bolivia. But what divers see at Bimini today are the ruins of a ruin. As recently as the early years of the 20th century, the surface of the Road was visible at low tide, when its location was even designated “a navigational hazard.” Older natives still living in the 1990s personally testified they saw waves washing over the tops of the stones on numerous occasions when they were young, although most inhabitants of the island avoided the site with superstitious dread. In the early 1920s, a Florida salvage company dismantled the structure down to its bottom course. The blocks were removed to Miami, where they were used as fill for the city’s new quayside.

Cayce may in fact have described the Bimini Road as early as 1932. He said in a reading for May 5: 

This we find (at Poseidia) not an altogether walled city, but a portion of same built so that the waters of these rivers became as the pools about which both sacrifice and sport, and those necessities for the cleansing of the body, home and all, were obtained, and these—kept constantly in motion so that it purified itself in its course;—water in motion over stone—purifies itself in twenty feet of space.

The base of the Bimini Road is 1 foot short of 20 feet underwater. Rivers do not exist on the island today, but they did in its geologic past. Cayce seems to have portrayed the Road, not as part of a harbor, but a ritual and recreational feature. 

Ongoing investigations at Bimini with increasingly sophisticated search technology may prove that “the Place of the Encircling Walls” was indeed Cayce’s Alta, where ships 3,000 years ago, heavy-laden with copper ore mined in North America, replenished their provisions of fresh water on the last leg of their return voyages to Atlantis. (Cayce 364-12 5/6/32) 

Blake, William 
Famed English poet and artist (1757 to 1827) whose visionary style—radically advanced for his own time—is still highly valued by modern audiences. In his free verse epic, America, Blake wrote of “those vast, shady hills between America and Albion’s shore now barred out by the Atlantic Ocean, called Atlantean hills.” He paraphrased British myth in characterizing Albion as a flood hero who led a contingent of survivors from Atlantis to England, which derived its early name from him. Blake held that both ancient Britain and pre-Columbian America were indebted to Atlantean culture-bearers. It says something for the credibility of an historic Atlantis that men of William Blake’s genius believed the drowned civilization was something more than fable, as its less-renowned skeptics continue to insist. (See Albion)

Bochica 
He is still known to various Indian tribes in coastal Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil, such as the Chibchas, near Bogotá, Colombia, as a white-skinned giant with a long beard who supported the sky on his shoulders, until he dropped it, causing the whole world to burst into flame and flood at the same time. The disaster destroyed his home across the sea, forcing his children to migrate for their lives to South America, where they became the ancestors of today’s native peoples. After this catastrophe, Bochica reassumed his burden of the heavens, which he still supports, but causes earthquakes when he shifts the weight on his shoulders. In variants of his myth, he condemned a demon responsible for the natural disaster, Chibchacum, to hold up the sky, while Bochica took up residence on the world’s first rainbow. Ever since, rainbows are not only associated with the god, but venerated as commemorative phenomena of the ancestral flood.

This tribal memory of what can only be the destruction of Atlantis is ignored by skeptics of the lost civilization. But why else would a dark-skinned people unable to grow beards concoct a pre-Columbian story about a bearded, white giant causing a great flood? Moreover, the South American deluge myth contains many elements found around the world, such as the annihilation of a distant, splendid kingdom; some celestial disturbance; the arrival of racially alien survivors, who become the ancestors of future leaders; and so on. Like Plato’s Kritias, in which Zeus destroys Atlantis for the iniquity of its inhabitants, Bochica brings about the catastrophe to punish a sinful mankind. (See Cuchavira, Zuhe) 

Bon 
An important Feast of the Dead held in the middle of the seventh lunar month, around August 14 or 16, when spirits return to visit their earthly homes in Japan. Bon Odori are hypnotic outdoor dances held at this time. They are shamanic exercises used to induce altered states of consciousness for commiserating with the spirits. Bon concludes after sundown with burning lanterns floating across the sea to guide the departed back to the Otherworld. The festival is not unlike Thailand’s Lak Krathong or the Roman Lemuria, all of which aim at propitiating ghosts from Mu, the Pacific Ocean civilization lost beneath the seas in ancient times. (See Lak Krathong, Lemuria, Mu)

Bralbral 
According to Sumerian scholar Neil Zimmerer, Bralbral was an Atlantean who founded the Kingdom of Baralku (mentioned in Polynesian folk traditions), in Lemuria, sharing the leadership with his two sisters, Djanggau and Djunkgau. (See Lemuria) 

The Bronze Age 
Bronze was the Ancient World equivalent of plutonium in the Atomic Age. Before its appearance, tools and weapons were made of either stone (usually granite and flint) or copper. Bronze was entirely superior to both, and whoever possessed it wielded a quantum advantage in military and industrial affairs. But it was difficult to manufacture, because it depended on the quality of the copper used and was combined with zinc and tin. None of the three minerals occurred in abundance throughout Europe and the Near East, where demands from every kingdom for the new metal erupted after its discovery at the turn of the fourth millennium B.C.

The only real sources for tin were found in southern Spain and parts of England. As some indication of the copper’s importance, the modern island of Cypress derives its name from “Kippur,” the Assyrian word for copper, because it was one of the few locations where it was mined in some abundance. But even there, its quality was not consistently first-rate. Despite insufficient supplies of copper, zinc, and tin, by 1500 B.C., the great powers, and even most of the lesser ones, had outfitted their often massive armed forces with vast arsenals of superb bronze weapons. The superpowers—Egypt, the Hittite Empire, Troy, Minoan Crete, Mycenaean Greece, and Assyria—ranged against themselves literally millions of bronze swords, spears, and battering rams, their soldiers outfitted with bronze helmets and shields. In ostentatious displays of wealth, kings would sometimes bedeck the walls of their cities with great sheets of gleaming bronze, or fill their squares and temples with the bronze statues of gods and heroes.

An enormous industry arose, specializing in the manufacture of bronze tools absolutely essential to craftsmen, artisans, and armorers from Ireland to Mesopotamia. Clearly, native mineral deposits, especially of copper, were insufficient, both in quantity and quality, to have even begun to keep pace with such a grand-scale supply and demand. For more than a century, historians have asked themselves, “Where did the ancients obtain the copper necessary to make so many bronze items?” The Old World Bronze Age began around 3000 B.C., reached peak production from the 16th to 13th centuries B.C., then came to an abrupt end about 1200 B.C. It was not logically superseded by the advent of the Iron Age, but followed instead by the precise opposite of all human progress: a 4-century long Dark Age, during which the lamp of civilization was extinguished in Europe, Asia Minor, and the Near East, excepting only Pharaonic Egypt, which had nevertheless entered a decline from which she would never recover. Moreover, iron had been known to Egyptian workers since early dynastic times, while Hittite arms were already bolstered by iron lance-heads and axes.
Bear Butte, South Dakota, where Native 
Americans from across the continent gather 
to commemorate the Atlantean Deluge
Curiously, the Bronze Age exactly parallels another, although intimately related mystery: the excavation of prodigious amounts of the world’s highest grade copper ore from the Upper Great Lakes Region of North America. Beginning circa 3000 B.C., a people, described in Menomonie Indian oral tradition as fair-complected “Marine Men,” applied sophisticated mining techniques that would not be seen again until the Industrial Age. They extracted a minimum of 500 million pounds of copper, all of which vanished with the white skinned miners by 1200 B.C., when the pits were suddenly abandoned. That is the same date for the final destruction of Atlantis, whose inhabitants Plato described as the world’s wealthiest mineralogists.

Clearly, it was the seafaring “Marine Men” of Atlantis who discovered the Upper Peninsula’s rich mineral deposits, mined them, and sold high-grade copper to the tool and weapons manufacturers of Europe, Asia Minor, and the Near East. Together with copper, tin was mined along Michigan shores, evidence for the manufacture of bronze, with which the Native American Indian residents were unfamiliar. The North American source was jealously preserved as a state secret upon which the Atlantean monopoly depended. When Atlantis was destroyed around 1200 B.C., the secret went with her and the Bronze Age ended for lack of quality copper supplies. The three most influential and interrelated aspects of ancient times—the Bronze Age, Atlantis, and the Upper Great Lakes copper mining—share the same time parameters.

Bull Worship 
In Kritias, Plato describes an important ceremony undertaken by the kings of Atlantis in the Temple of Poseidon. This monumental structure was situated at the very center of the island, its own perfect center defined by a free-standing column of great antiquity. It was made of solid orichalcum, an alloy of high-grade copper and fine gold manufactured only in Atlantis. The pillar contained the original laws of the land, as inscribed by the first monarchs themselves. Around its base, subsequent Atlantean leaders consulted every fifth and sixth year on matters of state. 

Before ruling on any final judgements, they prayed to Poseidon for guidance, then removed clubs and nooses from a sacred vessel. Without assistance, the 10 men captured one of several bulls allowed to roam freely in the vicinity of the temple, where they had been maintained by priests. The kings brought their captured bull into the sanctuary, then cut its throat over the top of the orichalcum column, allowing blood to course over the inscription, which ended with a curse against anyone who knowingly violated the laws of Atlantis. The bull’s remains were gathered into separate containers. Its flesh was roasted, later divided into several portions for the kings’ ritual meal and as a gratuity to the temple priesthood. The rest, together with all the bones and most of the blood, were tossed into a sacrificial fire.

Afterwards, the kings cleaned the pillar, utensils, and sacred precinct, then mixed a bowl of wine, into which was dropped one clot of bull’s blood for each of them. They received their drink in golden cups, swore an oath on behalf of themselves and their descendants to uphold the law of their forefathers, emptied their wine into the sacred flames, and drank a fresh cup of bull’s blood wine in a pledge of atonement for any sins they may have committed. Only after completing this libation did they sit down to their sacramental meal.

Bulls were associated with divine regents in Sumer, Egypt, Assyria, Minoan Crete, Greece, Rome, Iberia, and Ireland. All of these cultures featured traditions of a great deluge from which their ancestors came with all the accoutrements of a high civilization, including, most importantly, matters of kingship. In each people, their king was ritually identified with a sacred bull, because it was important for a leader to identify with the tremendous strength and aggressiveness epitomized by such an animal. In pre-Celtic Ireland, the new monarch had to undergo a ceremonial bath of bull’s broth, which he then drank from an Atlantean-like golden cup.

The Egyptian Hape, better remembered by his Greek name, Apis, was the sacred bull of Memphis. Like the bulls at the Temple of Poseidon, he was allowed to roam free in a courtyard of the temple. After reaching his 25th year, “he was killed with great ceremony,” according to Mercatante, just as the Atlantean bull was ritually slaughtered every fifth year (the divider of 25). The manner of his death was unique: he was drowned in a cistern. Was his religious execution meant to symbolize his cultic origins in drowned Atlantis? The dead animal was believed to be reincarnated in a new bull, “the Golden Calf,”—the same idol adored by the Israelites under Aron in Exodus 32:4—which began again the process of identification with Hape.

Romans participating in the mysteries of Mithra drank the blood of a slaughtered bull “as a sacramental act,” in which they were purified of their sins and “born again for eternity”—all reminiscent of the atonement sought by the Atlantean kings when they drank wine with bull’s blood. Their sacrificial meal even finds echoes in the Last Supper, where Jesus tells his apostles that the wine they drink is his own blood. The Messiah, too, was identified with the bull—a white one—in the apocryphal Book of Enoch. 

What might very well be an authentic artifact from Atlantis was discovered during the 1889 excavation of a Bronze Age tomb at the Greek town of Vapheio, in Laconia, 5 miles south of Sparta. The item was an embossed gold cup depicting a bull roundup, wherein the hunter is portrayed using only lassos—a scene straight out of Plato’s Kritias. The item’s Atlantean identity is reinforced when we recall that he said the kings who met in the Temple of Poseidon after their bull hunt toasted in cups of gold.

Archaeologists believe the Vapheio cup is not Greek, but from Crete, dating to the first Late Minoan Period, about 1500 B.C. This date marks the florescence of the Atlantis Empire and its widening influence throughout the Mediterranean. Minoans may have made the cup to commemorate some kingly alliance forged in the bull ceremony between their country and the Atlanteans. Or the object may in fact be an import originally manufactured in Atlantis and brought somehow to Crete, from where it was looted by invading Mycenaean Greeks. In any case, an Atlantean provenance for the Vapheio cup seems inescapable.

Burotu 
Revered by the Fiji Islanders of the western Pacific as their ancestral paradise before it sank beneath the sea. The island is known as Buloto in distant Tonga and Samoa. To the aborigines of Australia, it is remembered as Baralku, thereby demonstrating a very broadly known tradition among disparate peoples all apparently effected by a common event. According to native oral accounts, Tonga’s ancient Ha’amonga (“The Burden of Maui”), a monumental arch almost 20 feet high, had its 105 tons of coral limestone ferried by survivors from Burotu. These were the Hiti, or giants of that lost realm. Their ancestral island was destroyed when the “heavens fell down,” and fire married water to produce the Samoan islands. Like the Roman Lemuria, the souls of the dead return to Bolutu in annual ceremonies. The Fiji Burotu may be philologically related to Rutas, another name by which Mu was known in Asia. (See Mu, Rutas)

Bussumarus 
In Gallic folk traditions, a leader of 60 “Sea People” marines during their aggression against Europe immediately before and after the final destruction of Atlantis.

Byamspa 
“When he found out that the Kingdom of Lemuria would sink under a gigantic tidal wave,” according to chronologer, Neil Zimmerer, Byamspa led a group of fellow seers into the Himalayas of Tibet.

C

Caer Feddwid 
The “Court of Carousal,” also known as Caer Siddi and Caer Arianrhod, an opulent island kingdom featuring fountains and curative fresh water springs, but long ago lost beneath the waves of the Atlantic Ocean. Caer Feddwid is one of several Welsh versions of Atlantis. (See Arianrhod, Gwyddno, Llyn Syfaddon)

Calypso 
An Atlantis, daughter of Atlas by Thetis, a sea-goddess. Calypso’s residence was a sacred cave on the island of Ogygia, where she had the power to grant eternal life to mortal human beings. She personifies the Atlantean Navel of the World mystery cult, with its cave rituals and promises of immortality. “Ogygia” derives from Ogyges, a flood hero in Greek mythology, implying that Calypso’s island and Atlantis were one and the same. (See Ogyges)

Ca-Mu 
Literally “He from Mu,” a flood hero of the Arovac Indians described as a tall, white-skinned, fair-haired and bearded “magician” who arrived on the shores of Panama after having been driven from his kingdom far across the sea by a terrible cataclysm. Ca-Mu is regarded as the man from whom all Arovac have since descended. (See Mu)

Cayce, Edgar 
Born in 1877, in Kentucky, he was known as “the Sleeping Prophet,” because he uttered predictions and medical cures while in a deep trance. Until his death in Virginia, 68 years later, Cayce dictated thousands of “life-readings” he allegedly obtained from a kind of spiritual record he claimed to be able to read while experiencing an altered state of consciousness. Until his 47th year, he never uttered a word about Atlantis. But in 1922, he suddenly began recalling life in a place with which he was otherwise allegedly unfamiliar. Cayce’s descriptions of the doomed civilization are sometimes remarkable for their uncanny credibility. For example, his portrayal of the migration of Atlanteans into the Nile Valley following the destruction of their Empire is entirely convincing. Many otherwise obscure names of persons and places he associates with the Atlantis experience likewise seem to reflect real events.

His son, Hugh Lynn Cayce, knew his father “did not read material on Atlantis, and that he, so far as we know, had absolutely no knowledge of the subject.” The evocative, often verifiable detail of his readings in which Atlantis was described is all the more astounding when we realize he knew little about the vanished culture in his waking hours. As his son wrote:

They are the most fantastic, the most bizarre, the most impossible information in the Edgar Cayce files. If his unconscious fabricated this material or wove it together from existing legends and writings, we believe that it is the most amazing example of a telepathic clairvoyant scanning of existing legends and stories in print or of the minds of persons dealing with the Atlantis theory.

Edgar Cayce’s conscious ignorance of the sunken civilization is not surprising. His formal education was meager, and his points of reference were more spiritual than historical or academic. His grasp of the past was often biblical, rather than scholastic. It seems clear then, that the subject was outside the purview of both his background and essentially Christian view of the world. But his readings are self evidently plausible, because they often contain information that made little or no sense at the time they were uttered, but have been since confirmed by subsequent verification.

Perhaps most impressive of all is that obscure, even fleeting, references he made to Atlantis during the early 1920s were occasionally repeated only once, but within an exact same frame of reference, after more than two decades. Persuasive elements of Cayce’s “life-readings” such as these give even skeptics pause, and encourage many investigators, regardless of their spiritual beliefs, to reconsider everything he had to say about Atlantis. His prediction of finding its first physical remains not far from the United States was a case in point described in the “Bimini” entry. Until Cayce spoke of Bimini, and even long after some of his “life-readings” were published, no researchers bothered to consider that small island as a possible remnant of Atlantean Civilization.

But how did the massive stone structure come to lie at the bottom of the sea? According to Cayce’s “life-readings,” the Atlantean lands underwent three major periods of inundation. They did not disappear altogether in a single cataclysm. The natural disaster described by Plato represented only the final destruction of Atlantis. A typical reading exemplifying these various epochs of upheaval took place in 1933, when Cayce told a client that he once dwelt “in the Atlantean land before the third destruction.” The first seismic unrest dropped much of its territory beneath sea-level, followed several millennia later by renewed geologic violence which sank the remaining dry land, save for the tops of its tallest mountains. These volcanic peaks became known in historic times as Madeira, the Azore and Canary Islands, together with Atlas, on which the city of Atlantis arose. The ultimate destruction took place when Mount Atlas detonated, scoured and hollowed itself out with ferocious eruptions, then collapsed into the sea. Present interpretation of this evidence confirms the accuracy of Cayce’s clairvoyant view of the Atlantean catastrophe. As he said, “the destruction of this continent and the peoples was far beyond any of that as has been kept as an absolute record, that record in the rocks still remains.”

For someone of no formal education, Cayce’s grasp of archaeology and geology was extraordinary, even prophetic. When he said in the 1930s that the Nile River flowed across the Sahara Desert to the ocean in early Atlantean times, no scientist in the world would have considered such an apparently outlandish possibility. Yet, in 1994, nearly half a century after his death, a satellite survey of North Africa discovered traces of a former tributary of the Nile that connected Egypt with the Atlantic Ocean at Morocco in prehistory. Persuasive elements of Cayce’s “life-readings” encourage many investigators to reconsider his documented statements about Atlantis. But they are troubled by his characterization of the Atlanteans as the builders of a technology superior to 20th-century accomplishments. Because Cayce has been verified in at least some important details, other researchers believe he was telling the whole truth, however difficult it may be for some to grasp, about the sunken civilization.

Regardless of the response he elicits, an important part of Edgar Cayce’s legacy is the Association for Research and Enlightenment (A.R.E.) he founded and which continues to prosper in his home at Virginia Beach. It contains the largest library of its kind in the world, featuring not only all of his “life-readings,” but many hundreds of books, papers, feature articles, and reference materials about Atlantis. The A.R.E. is also deeply involved in scientific investigation and study on behalf of the lost realm, including lectures and expeditions to various parts of the world, particularly at Andros and Bimini. (See Andros Platform, Bimini Road)

Ce-calli 
Described in the Aztec Anales de Quahititlan as “the Great Water,” the world-class deluge that destroyed a former age of greatness and wickedness. 

Celaeno 
In Greek myth, daughter of the sea goddess Pleione hence, one of the Pleiades, or “Atlantises.” Celaeno taught occult science to mortals. From her name derive all words pertaining to things “celestial,” not only because she herself became a star in the night sky, but through her knowledge of astrology invented by her father, Atlas. Celaeno’s myth tells of arcane spirituality and practices invented in Atlantis, as carried by survivors of its destruction to the reestablishment of civilization in new lands. She married Lycus, a king of the Blessed Isles, whose name was a term in circulation throughout classical times referring to any unspecified group of Atlantis islands, such as the Canaries or Madeira.

Chatwin, C.P. 
A leading 20th-century naturalist, who stated in 1940 that the migratory behavior of certain butterflies and birds in the North and South Atlantic strongly suggested the former existence of the island civilization described by Plato. (See Heer)

Cellarius, Christophe 
A prominent late 18th-century French geographer who made a public statement supporting the historical credibility of Plato’s Atlantis based on evidence he found in the fragments of ancient maps. (See de Gisancourt) 

Cerne 
A name by which Atlantis was once known, according to the 1st-century B.C. geographer Diodorus Siculus. “Cerne” is also the name of a prehistoric hill-figure in Dorset, England. The 180-foot image of a naked man wielding a club in his right hand probably was made to represent Gogmagog, a giant said to have been armed with an immense war club. If so, then the bioglyph’s Atlantean identity comes into focus. In Celtic myth, Gogmagog was a leader of Britain’s first inhabitants, descendants from the Titan Albion, brother of Atlas, like the giant Fomors, the earliest residents of Ireland. Culture-bearers from Atlantis arriving in several other parts of the world, as far away.

Chac 
A rain-god, or more appropriately, the sky-god worshiped by the Mayas. They portrayed him in temple art as a bearded man with a long nose and supporting the heavens on his shoulders, like the eponymous and sacred mountain from which the island of Atlantis derived its name: Atlas. Chac sometimes appears Christ-like in wall paintings, as he bears a cross on his back. But it was actually a symbol for the four cardinal directions, defining Chac’s origin at the center of the world, just as Atlantis was located between of the Old and New Worlds. Chac is perhaps identical to Bacab, because he also was four divine persons in one, each “chac” representing a particular point of the compass. They appeared in symbolic red for east, black for west, white for north, and yellow for south. These colors corresponded to the directions personified by the chacs. White seems associated with the snow and ice far above the Rio Grande River. Yellow perhaps signified the intense heat of the sun toward the Equator. If these interpretations are correct, then the Mayas possessed far wider knowledge of the world beyond their home in the Lowland Yucatan than credited by conventional archaeologists. 

The West is universally regarded as a place of death (the dying sun, etc.), hence its black characterization. Red is a color often associated with Atlantis, where Plato wrote that its public and even some of its private buildings were made of red stone, or volcanic tufa. The Atlanteans themselves were said to have been red-haired. But the color more probably refers to sunrise.

Chac-Mool A representation of the Maya rain- and sky-god in a reclining position, while holding a bowl over his navel, usually in the medium of sacred statuary. As visitors ascend the grand staircase to the Temple of the Warriors, at Chichen Itza, in Yucatan, they come face to face with the life-size statue of a chac-mool resting at the top. Nearby, inside the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, they climb a rising passageway that terminates at the center of the structure in a chamber containing another life-size chac-mool, extraordinary for its blue eyes. This racial anomaly, together with the bearded, Atlas-like figures carved in the walls of the shrine just above, identify the chac-mool as an Atlantean concept—and a particularly important one it is, too. The manner in which the chac-mool at the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent is holding a bowl over its stomach and its position at the center of the building define an early mystery cult in Atlantis. (See Navel of the World)

Chalchiuhtlicue 
The Aztec goddess who changed victims of the Great Flood into fish. The same transformation appears in the deluge myths of the Babylonians and American Lakota Sioux. Chalchiuhtlicue was honored during an annual ceremony in which priests collected reeds, dried them out, then placed them inside her shrine. The reeds symbolized wisdom, as writing utensils, but also “the Place of Reeds,” Aztlan, her overseas’ homeland. Temple art represented Chalchiuhtlicue seated on a throne, around which men and women were shown drowning in huge whirlpools. Her name, “Our Lady of the Turquoise Skirt,” refers to the feminine Atlantis, the “Daughter of Atlas,” in the midst of the sea. Chalchiuhtlicue’s myth is a selfevident evocation of the natural catastrophe. (See Aztlan, Sekhet-aaru) 

Chief Mountain 
Located in northern Montana, Chief Mountain is especially revered by North America’s Blackfoot tribes, who believe its summit alone stood above the waters of the Great Flood, which rose to drown the rest of the world in the deeply ancient past. Shamans ascend its slopes to annually commemorate the escape of a single survivor, who later became the first ancestral chief of the Blackfoot, after marrying a Star Maiden sent from the Great Spirit. (See Nowah’wus) 

Chien-Mu 
Described in the Chou-li, an ancient Chinese book of rites, as a place where Earth and sky met at the cosmic axis. Here, time and space became irrelevant, the four seasons merged into each other, pairs of opposites were resolved, and the alternating principles of yin and yang no longer strove against each other, but grew peaceful in balanced harmony. Chien-Mu signifies the sacred center, the still-point reached in deep meditation. Its name implies that these concepts are to be associated with the Pacific Motherland of Mu, the original Navel of the World, where they were first developed and employed in reaching high levels of spiritual attainment. (See Navel of the World)

Chikubujima 
Shrine to Benten, or Benzaiten, the goddess who brought civilization to Japan in a great ship from across the sea. Chikubujima’s location on the shores of Lake Biwa, or Biwa-ko, is not entirely legendary, because along its shores are found the earliest evidence for human habitation in the islands. It was here that culture-bearers from Lemuria probably first landed in Japan. (See Benten, Lemuria, Shinobazu)

Chimu 
A pre-Inca people who raised a powerful civilization, Chimor, that dominated the Peruvian coast from circa 900 A.D., until their defeat by the Incas during the late 15th century. The capital, Chan-Chan, lies just north of Trujillo, and was founded, according to Chimu historians, by Taycana-mu. He had been sent on a culture-founding mission by his superior, who ruled a kingdom in the Pacific Ocean. Another important Chimor city was Pacatna-mu, christened after an early Chimu general who became the regional governor. The so-called “Palace of the Governor” at Chan-Chan features a wall decorated with a frieze depicting a sunken city— fish swimming over the tops of contiguous pyramids. The scene memorializes the drowned civilization of Mu, from which the ancestors of the Chimu—literally, the “Children of Mu”—arrived on Peruvian shores after the catastrophe. Their Lemurian heritage likewise appears in other significant names, such as Taycana-mu, Pacatna-mu, and so on. (See Mu)

Chintamani 
Also Cintimani, Sanskrit for “magical stone from another world.” Now at the Moscow Museum, the Chintamani is an exceptionally clear quartz crystal, once in the possession of Nicholas Roerich, a German-American Russian, prominent artist, mystic, and world-traveler of the early and mid-20th century. His paintings are still valued for their stark, though pure numinosity. Most of them are on public display at New York’s Roerich Museum. Childress writes, “ancient Asian chronicles claim that a divine messenger from the heavens gave a fragment of the stone to Emperor Tazlavoo of Atlantis. According to legend, the stone was sent from Tibet to King Solomon in Jerusalem, who split the stone and made a ring out of one piece” (A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Armageddon, 216–217). 

The Chintamani is also known in China and Japan as the “Jewel-That-Grants-All-Desires,” and was believed to have originally belonged to the Makara, a dragon or dolphin-god, living in a palace at the bottom of the sea, underscoring its Atlantean provenance. (See Tuoai)

Chronology 
There are three primary chronologies for the history of Atlantis. Plato writes that its destruction took place 11,400 years ago, although he provides no date for its foundation. The origins of Atlantean Civilization should have preceded its end by at least five centuries, in order for it to have attained the cultural heights he wrote that it enjoyed, thereby placing its beginning sometime after the turn of the 13th millennium B.C. Edgar Cayce said that Atlantis was far older, emerging about 100,000 years ago. In another 50,000 years, the Atlanteans had developed a technologically advanced civilization. The first of three major cataclysms occurred at this time, followed by another about 30,000 years ago. The final destruction took place around 10,000 B.C., roughly the same period Plato reported.

Most serious Atlantologists today find these time parameters unrealistic. While at least some investigators believe Cayce’s “life-readings” may shed light on the story of Atlantis, they point out that persons in trance states, while capable of recalling vivid, even accurate images, enter into a timeless consciousness, just as a sleeper, when awake, may remember the clear details of a dream, but his sense of time while dreaming is totally unlike anything when he is awake. Modern man (Homo sapiens-sapiens) had only just evolved 100,000 years ago and was in no condition to found civilization. Plato’s 11,4000-year-old date for the destruction of Atlantis is also troubling.

Anthropologists have learned much about the level of human accomplishment during the mid-12th millennium B.C., but they found not the merest hint that anything resembling a civilization existed then. As even that prominent Atlantologist, Lewis Spence, remarked as long ago as 1924, “I would suggest that no city or civilized state of Atlantis existed at the period alluded to by Plato— 9600 B.C.” Moreover, geologists know that the mid-ocean tropical island Plato describes would not have been possible when he wrote it existed, because the North Atlantic was, at that time, plunged into the final phase of the last Ice Age. They realize, however, that the Alleroed Interstadal was a warm phase during the Devensian glaciation in Europe’s Pleistocene Ice Age, when massive, catastrophic flooding did indeed occur about the time of a literal reading of Plato’s date for the destruction of Atlantis. Even so, enough of at least the general outlines of human culture and the level of material achievement during the Pleistocene reveal that the sophisticated civilization described by Plato, let alone Cayce, bore nothing in common with post-glacial society.

Researchers need to ask, “What kind of years was Plato writing about? We assume they were solar years, identical to our own calendar. But what if he was using a different calendrical system? What would that make of his date for Atlantis?” This, in fact, is the root of the problem that was solved as long ago as the early 1950s, when a German Atlantologist, Juergen Spanuth, pointed out that the Egyptian priests who relayed the Atlantis story to Solon (and almost certainly Plato himself) used a lunar, not a solar calendar. When they spoke of time it was always in terms of the cycles of the moon. Indeed, their temple in which they preserved Atlantean records was dedicated to a moon-goddess, Neith.

Recalibrating Plato’s solar date into its original lunar years, a more realistic period for the destruction of Atlantis is revealed circa 1200 B.C. As soon as Atlantologists learned of the corrected time scale, they were themselves deluged by a wealth of confirming evidence that placed Atlantis squarely in the Bronze Age. Pre-Columbian traditions, Egyptology, climatology, geology, even astronomy, all combined to underscore the revised date, and thereby provided more quality arguments for the credibility of Atlantis than ever before. Moreover, Plato’s own description of Atlantis belongs to an arch-typical Late Bronze Age capital. Indeed, the Classical Greek writer Apollodorus maintained the tradition that Zeus, depicted by Plato as the destroyer of Atlantis, endeavored to annihilate mankind at the end of the Bronze Age.

igins from and upon which the city grew over thousands of years. These deeply prehistoric beginnings are far more difficult to define than the Atlantean cataclysm. Based on the known dates of megalithic sites in the British Isles and Spain, Atlantis perhaps began its rise as a Neolithic settlement more than 6,000 years ago. By the mid- to late fourth millennium B.C., it may have reached a high level of civilization. 

Both Plato and Cayce mentioned more than one Atlantean deluge preceding the final disaster, and there does appear to have been at least one major upheaval before obliteration took place. Berosus, the Chaldean historian who wrote of the Great Flood from which his Babylonian ancestors came, stated it occurred on the 15th day in the month of Daisios—around June 15, 3116 B.C. This date compares almost exactly with the origin of the Maya calendar, said to have been brought to Yucatan by a white-skinned, yellow-bearded flood survivor—Kukulcan, the Feathered Serpent—on August 10, 3110 B.C. The First Egyptian Dynasty, set up by gods and men fleeing their sacred mound sinking in the Distant West, began around 3100 B.C. So too, the earliest manifestations of arts and cities in the Cyclades Islands and Troy date to sudden arrivals from the west around 3000 B.C. Ireland’s greatest megalithic site, New Grange, was built before 3100 B.C. Even work on Britain’s Stonehenge began around the same time.

Such abrupt, simultaneous developments in various parts of the world, where traditions tell of founding fathers fleeing some terrible cataclysm, bespeak an Atlantean upheaval serious enough to generate mass evacuations, without utterly destroying the island. This 5,000-year-old event appears to have been associated with flood heroes among various societies—the Egyptian Thaut, the Sumerian Utnapishtim, the Babylonian Xiuthtros, the Hebrew Noah, the Greek Deucalion, the Maya Itzamna, and so on. Severe as the late fourth-millennium B.C. upheaval may have been, Atlantis survived, was rebuilt, and eventually prospered for another 1,900 years. 

Being closer to us in time, the final catastrophe is provided with more precise dating information. Scribes at Medinet Habu, in Thebes, Upper Egypt, recorded the invasion of Atlantean “Sea Peoples” at the Nile Delta in 1190 B.C., eight years after the loss of their western homeland to the sea. “Day of the Dead” festivals around the world correlate with archaeo-astronomy to place the cataclysm in early November. An abundance of supporting evidence tends to confirm that Atlantis was finally destroyed on or about November 3, 1198 B.C.

Chumael-Ah-Canule 
Described as “the First after the Flood,” in The History of Zodzil—a 16th century collection of Maya oral traditions heard firsthand by Juan Darreygosa— he escaped the deluge that engulfed his island kingdom in the Atlantic Ocean, arriving first at the island of Cozumel, off the Yucatan coast. Proceeding to the Mexican mainland, Chumael-Ah-Canule and his immigrating fellow countrymen built Chichen Itza, or “Mouth of of the Well of Itza,” and 149 other cities, including Mayapan, Izamel, Uxmal, and Ake. His account suggests that not only these ceremonial centers, but Mesoamerican civilization itself was founded by Atlantean culture-bearers. 

Cichol Gricenchos 
King of the Fomorach, the earliest Atlantean inhabitants of Ireland. He opposed the arrival of a later Atlantean settlers, the “Family of Partholon,” survivors of the 2100 B.C. cataclysm that wracked Atlantis. (See Fomorach)

The Codex Chimal-Popoca 
An Aztec version of the Great Flood from which their ancestors arrived on the eastern shores of Mexico. It reports, in part, “There suddenly arose mountains the color of fire. The sky drew near to the Earth, and in the space of a day, all was downed.” The Codex Chimal-Popoca reads almost identically to Plato’s Timaeus and Kritias dialogues, where he states that Atlantis was destroyed “in a single day and night.” 

Collins, Andrew 
British author of Gateway to Atlantis, in which he identifies the lost civilization with Cuba. Five years after its release in 1997, mineral prospectors probing the waters off the island’s northwest coast claimed to have picked up sonar images of what appeared to be a sunken city more than 2,000 feet beneath the surface.

Coronis 
An Atlantis, one of seven daughters born to Atlas and the ocean-nymph Aethra. Coronis was the mother of Aesculapius by the god of healing, Apollo, after whom the modern word “scalpel” is derived. The Greeks revered Aesculapius as the founder of modern medicine. He in turn fathered two sons, Machaon and Podaliris, who were the earliest physicians after their father, and spread his scientific principles throughout the world. His only daughter, Hygeia, was the goddess of health. 

This lineage demonstrates an important theme common to all the daughters of Atlas; namely, that their offspring were the first in their fields of high endeavor and the progenitors of civilization. Through poetic metaphor, these founding father myths preserve national memories of culture-bearers who escaped the destruction of Atlantis to reestablish civilization in new lands. As such, the story of Coronis reminded the Greeks that they received the tenets of their medical science from an Atlantean immigrant.

Cosmas 
A sixth-century Alexandrian monk who endeavored to prevent his fellow Christian theologians from anathematizing Plato’s account of Atlantis by drawing parallels between the Atlantean catastrophe and the biblical flood. Cosmas failed, and anything about the sunken city was condemned as “demonically inspired,” along with the rest of classical civilization.

Coxcoxtic 
He and his wife, Xochiquetzal, were sole survivors in one of several Aztec versions of the Great Flood. During the previous era in which they lived, humanity spoke the same language. But their offspring in post-diluvial times received the gift of speech from a variety of birds. The children of Coxcoxtic and Xochiquetzal grew up speaking many different tongues. Later, they left their parents to wander over the face of the Earth, spreading new languages around the world. Their myth refers to the cultural unity of Atlantean times destroyed by a natural catastrophe, and scattered around the globe. (See Xochiquetzal) 

Coyolxauqui 
Aztec version of the earlier Maya Ixchel, the White Lady, who brought civilization to Middle America from a lost kingdom in the Atlantic Ocean after a great flood. (See Ixchel) 

Crannog 
Also known as “the ruined city of Kenfig,” Crannog is familiar in both Irish and Scottish traditions as a sunken city. “Og” is a derivative of the Atlantean catastrophe in the British Isles, Greece, and South America. (See Ogma, Ogriae)

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