Part 2: Moongate the NASA/Military Cover-Up...Discrepancies in Spacecraft Velocities, Flight Times, and Fuel Requirements...Astronaut Experiences on the Moon...++

Moongate The NASA/Military Cover-Up

by William L. Brian II

4 

DISCREPANCIES IN SPACECRAFT VELOCITIES, 

FLIGHT TIMES, AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS 

Writers covering the Apollo missions consistently reported that the spacecraft were traveling less than 6,000 miles per hour when they reached the Moon. This was after they had passed the neutral point traveling slightly more than 2,000 miles per hour. The author has not seen calculations by the above writers which derive the velocity attained at the time the spacecraft reached the Moon. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that NASA directly or indirectly supplied the information. A glaring inconsistency arises when the facts and figures are examined. 

To begin with, the 43,495-mile neutral point distance and one-sixth gravity are incompatible as explained in Chapters 2 and 3. In Space Frontier written in 1971, Wernher von Braun gave the velocities of Apollo 8 at the neutral point and when it reached the moon as 2,200 miles per hour and 5,700 miles per hour, respectively.1 In the same discussion he mentioned that lunar gravity took over at a point 38,900 miles from the Moon, where the craft began speeding up again. In working out the mathematics of velocity in going from the neutral point to the Moon, the only way the craft could reach the  Moon traveling less than 6,000 miles per hour would be if one sixth gravity is assumed. If one-sixth gravity is assumed, the neutral point is around 24,000 miles from the Moon, not 38,900. Therefore, the craft would continue to lose velocity in its coast from the Earth until it reached a point about 24,000 miles from the Moon. But this is not what the above von Braun reference said. Either the greater neutral point distance is correct with its high lunar gravity ramifications or the greater neutral point distance is wrong and one-sixth gravity exists on the Moon. Why did Wernher von Braun publish this conflicting information? 

The following information is given to show the ramifications of a high lunar gravity on the velocity when reaching the Moon. One-sixth lunar gravity would accelerate the craft to a velocity of somewhat less than 6,000 miles per hour, while a 64-percent lunar gravity would boost the final velocity considerably higher. In Appendix C, the derivation of final velocity is given using the 64-percent lunar gravity required by the 43,495-mile neutral point distance. This also assumes that the initial velocity at that point is the 2,200 miles per hour claimed. This yields a final velocity of over 10,000 miles per hour! The discrepancy between the velocity demanded by a 43,495-mile neutral point, hence a high lunar gravity, and the claimed value of 5,700 miles per hour is over 4,000 miles per hour. 

Before discussing orbital velocity, an argument will be presented which clearly shows that the neutral point distance is in the vicinity of the 40,000-mile mark. On the Apollo 8 flight, the spacecraft reached the neutral point, allegedly 38,900 miles from the Moon, traveling 2,200 miles per hour at 55 hours 39 minutes into the mission. At 68 hours 57 minutes, it had reached the Moon  traveling less than 6,000 miles per hour. Therefore, the distance was covered in 13 hours 18 minutes. If the neutral point were really 24,000 miles from the Moon, the ship's average velocity would have been about 2,441 miles per hour and the trip would only have taken about 9 hours 50 minutes. The times given by NASA support the greater neutral point distance, hence the Moon's high gravity. 

A detailed analysis of flight times provides additional confirmation of the Moon's high gravity. If the Moon had one-sixth of the Earth's surface gravity, the Apollo 8 spacecraft would have continued to lose velocity until it reached the 24,000-mile mark. At that point, it would have begun to accelerate, reaching a final velocity of about 5,540 miles per hour at the Moon. If it were traveling 2,200 miles per hour 38,900 miles from the Moon, its time of flight would have been 16 hours 44 minutes with the assumption of one-sixth gravity. This presents a discrepancy of over three hours from the NASA-reported time of 13 hours 18 minutes. The only way to account for the shorter flight time claimed by NASA is to assign a higher average velocity and final velocity to the spacecraft. With the assumption of a 64- percent lunar gravity, the flight time is calculated to be 13 hours 47 minutes, which is very close to the NASA claim of 13 hours 18 minutes. The analysis definitely shows that the NASA-supplied information contradicts itself. The flight times and neutral point distances are indicative of a high lunar gravity, yet NASA continues to publicize the weak one sixth gravity condition on the Moon. 

If the Moon had one-sixth of the Earth's gravity, a satellite or spacecraft orbiting the Moon would have a very low orbital velocity. This is because the orbital velocity offsets the pull of gravity. If the gravity pull is less, the velocity required to maintain orbit is less. In other words, the tendency to fall is reduced, so the satellite can continue to orbit with less speed. At one-sixth gravity, a satellite orbiting the Moon at an altitude of 70 miles would only be traveling 3,655 miles per hour. However, with a lunar gravity 64 percent of Earth's, the orbital velocity at the same height would be 7,163 miles per hour, or nearly double the value claimed. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica within "Space Exploration", Apollo 11 reached the Moon traveling 5,225 miles per hour and had to reduce its velocity to 3,680 miles per hour to assume an elliptical orbit.2 With a 64-percent lunar gravity, the spaceship would drop like a rock with such a low velocity and soon crash into the Moon.

It is evident that with a high lunar gravity, the braking maneuver of the Apollo crafts would only have to reduce the 10,000-plus mile per hour velocity to 7,163 miles per hour to assume orbit. This orbital velocity indicates that the craft would circle the Moon every 60 minutes instead of one orbit every two hours. The knowledge of these orbital periods must have been known by the Mission Control people because during a certain percentage of every orbit, communication with the orbiting Command Module, or CM, is cut off when the craft passes behind the Moon. The communication blackout allegedly lasted for 50 minutes out of every 120- minute orbit. In Appendix D, the velocity and communication blackout time are derived based on the 70-mile-high orbit. With a 64-percent gravity, the blackout time would only be 24 minutes. 

If the above situation occurred, fairly tight security measures must have been employed to suppress information from the public. As long as the only means to monitor the astronauts' activities were through Mission Discrepancies in Spacecraft Requirements 55 Control, only a relatively small number of people would actually be aware of the situation. The vast majority of NASA people could still be kept in the dark. If such were the case, the tightest security area would be Mission Control and the information presented below indicates this. 

John Noble Wilford covered the Apollo missions for The New York Times. In We Reach the Moon, he discussed the Apollo program in considerable detail, along with his experiences in working with NASA. The following information was derived from his book.3 Regarding the fire that killed Grissom, Chaffee, and White, he mentioned that Houston used the word gruesome to describe the tape recordings in a phone call to NASA headquarters. However, NASA officials would not admit that they knew about the tape evidence until after Wilford wrote a story in The New York Times on Tuesday, January 31. This incident was symptomatic of the lack of candor which the public and Congress later found NASA to be guilty of. During the weekend of the fire, reporters constantly received vague and evasive replies to their questions which made them remember Gemini 8. On Gemini 8 the capsule went out of control and the communication tapes made during the crisis were withheld because NASA believed that the astronauts' voice level might have given a false impression of their behavior. The tapes were later released and assuming that they were complete, the astronauts had handled themselves with great control. Reporters subsequently began to refer to the NASA initials as meaning Never A Straight Answer. 

In The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon, Richard Lewis explained what the situation was at Mission Control during Apollo 12.4 The following is  a summary of his account. At midnight, the glass viewing room behind the Mission Control consoles was filled with VIPs such as Administrator Paine; his deputy, George M. Lowe; the astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Borman; C. Stark Draper, director of the Instrumentation Laboratory of MIT where the Apollo inertial guidance system was developed; and Wernher von Braun. However, not a single member of the news media was present. Newsmen had not been allowed in Mission Control since the policy was established in Project Mercury, supposedly to prevent uncontrolled disclosure in the event of a disaster. This continued until late in Apollo when a press pool representative was finally admitted to the viewing chamber at the Johnson Space Center. 

In light of information presented thus far, it seems more than coincidental that such tight security measures were employed. Clearly, the public received carefully chosen information, some of which was true, and a great deal of which must have been totally fabricated, based on the old concept of the Moon's one-sixth gravity. 

As the discrepancies encountered on the way to the Moon are outlined, the discussion has brought the spacecraft into lunar orbit. The next step is to consider the ramifications of a high lunar gravity on the fuel requirements of the lunar descent and ascent vehicles. This opens up a new chamber of horrors. 

To escape from the surface of a planet into space or to orbit around it, a space vehicle must be lifted to orbital height and be traveling a certain minimum speed. This requires energy to overcome the continuous pull of the gravitational field and to increase the vehicle's kinetic energy. The reader may recall that the Apollo Discrepancies in Spacecraft Requirements 57 launch rocket which sent men to the Moon stood 363 feet tall and weighed 6,400,000 pounds. A picture of the Apollo 11 rocket at launch is shown in one of the cover photos. It was designed to send a payload of approximately 100,000 pounds toward the Moon at a velocity of 24,300 miles per hour. The Apollo 4 rocket placed 278,699 pounds into a 110-mile-high circular orbit around the Earth. A much higher payload can be placed in orbit than can be sent to the Moon because of the additional fuel and velocity needed to escape from the Earth. If the payload weight is divided into the total weight of the rocket, the payload ratio is determined. In the case of Apollo 4, this ratio equals 6,400,000 over 278,699 or 23 to 1. This means that a launch weight of 23 times the pay-load was required to place the object into Earth orbit and approximately 90 percent of the rocket's weight was fuel. 

If the Moon had only one-sixth of the Earth's gravity, a much lower payload ratio than the above would have been needed by the Lunar Module to soft-land or escape from the Moon. NASA claimed that the Lunar Module, or LM, weighed 33,200 pounds when full of fuel. This comprised the ascent and descent stages. A picture of the Apollo 16 LM, consisting of both the ascent and descent stages as it rested on the Moon, is shown in Photo 2. Since the loaded ascent stage weight 10,600 pounds and the empty descent stage weighed 4,500 pounds, the total payload for soft-landing was 15,100 pounds. Therefore, the payload ratio for soft-landing was 33,200 over 15,100 or 2.2 to 1. 

The loaded ascent stage supposedly weighed 10,600 pounds when full and 4,800 pounds when empty. The 58 MOONGATE ascent payload ratio would then be 10,600 over 4,800 or 2.2 to 1 also. The weights given for the full and empty LM are consistent with the fuel requirements needed if the Moon had only one-sixth gravity. Even the sizes of the tanks to hold the fuel are reasonable, hence the overall volume of the spacecraft fits the requirements for a low lunar gravity. 

If the neutral point distance were 24,000 miles from the Moon, then one-sixth gravity would be expected and the fuel requirements would have been met. The astronauts could have landed with the LM and taken off again, completing their Moon exploration as planned. However, the 43,495-mile neutral point distance and its implication of a high lunar gravity remain. With the information that the Moon's gravity must be at least 64 percent of Earth's, the LM fuel requirements were calculated in Appendix E. This lunar gravity figure implies that the required payload ratio for landing and take-off must be at least 7.2 to 1. The orbital velocity to be reached or braked is approximately twice what it would be under one-sixth gravity. This requires about four times as much braking or ascent fuel. 

The additional fuel requirements under a high lunar gravity become horrendous. First, the ascent stage would have to weigh 7.2 times the empty weight, or 34,560 pounds. Second, the fuel required to soft-land the fully loaded ascent stage would increase the Lunar Module's total weight to approximately 250,000 pounds. Therefore, the LM would be nearly as large as the Titan 2 rocket which weighed 330,000 pounds and was 103 feet tall! The LM supposedly weighed 33,200 pounds; hence, its weight and volume would have to increase by more than a factor of seven. The startling conclusion is that if men really landed on the Moon in high lunar gravity conditions, it was not done with rockets! Again, the reader must be reminded that a 43,495-mile neutral point distance implies a lunar gravity equal to 64 percent of Earth's. A 64-percent lunar gravity in turn requires a large rocket just to escape from the Moon, let alone soft-land the take-off rocket in the first place. 

The problem becomes astounding if the Moon has a gravity equal to Earth's. Evidence will be presented later which suggests that this may be the case. From Appendix E, with a lunar gravity equal to Earth's, the payload ratio would have to be 18.2! This would require an 87,360-pound ascent stage alone. The descent rocket would weigh a staggering 1,589,000 pounds, one-fourth the size of the Saturn launch rocket! The Saturn launch vehicle would then need to weigh 64 times this or 101,700,000 pounds. This is about 16 times larger than it actually was. 

The above enigmas bring up some interesting questions. Why did the Russians apparently pull out of the space race when they were hot on the trail of putting a man on the Moon? How did the United States succeed when rockets would clearly not work in the high lunar gravity conditions? What was the military's involvement in top secret research which led to the successful Moon landings? These questions will be answered in the chapters to come. Until all of the evidence is presented, the case for the massive cover-up is incomplete and many questions remain unanswered. Until every aspect of the Apollo project is carefully scrutinized, the reader should maintain an open mind. After all, the public has been victimized by confidence men, politicians, militarists, scientists, and corporations for ages. Convincing stories are told, but little sound evidence is provided to substantiate the claims. 

If the Moon has a high gravity, astronauts wouldn't be able to perform as expected under one-sixth gravity. Their display of jumping ability wouldn't even come close to anticipated results. In Chapter 5, astronaut athletic feats to be expected in one-sixth gravity conditions will be analyzed and then compared with how astronauts actually performed on the Moon.

5 

ASTRONAUT EXPERIENCES ON THE MOON 

In one-sixth gravity everything would weigh one-sixth, or 16.7 percent, of its Earth weight. A 180-pound man would weigh a mere 30 pounds. Writers were speculating on the athletic abilities of men on the Moon long before the space program and Apollo. They based their calculations on one-sixth gravity. The public was anticipating some of these spectacular athletic feats when astronauts explored the Moon, but none were ever performed. The reader may remember the televised pictures of astronauts moving around on the Moon's surface. If so, the author challenges the reader to recall any extraordinary feats. In actuality, there were none. 

In the November 1967 issue of Science Digest, an article appeared by James R. Berry entitled, "How to Walk on the Moon."1 In it, Berry predicted that men would be able to make 14-foot slow-motion leaps, perform backflips and other gymnastics like professionals, and be able to easily move up ladders and poles with their arms. 

Another prediction was given in 1969 by the Writers of U.S. News & World Report in U.S. on the Moon: 

With gravity on the moon only one-sixth as strong as it is on earth, a home-run hitter in a lunar baseball game could drive a ball well over half a mile. A golfer's drive from the tee would sail clear over the horizon.2 

The height an object will rise in a gravitational field depends on its initial velocity. If an object had the same initial velocity in one-sixth gravity as it had on Earth, it would rise six times as high. If the initial velocity of the object were doubled over its Earth velocity, it would rise 24 times as high, and if tripled, it would rise 54 times the Earth height. 

A man jumps vertically by bending his knees and then flexing his thigh muscles to full extension. This propels him off the ground with a given initial velocity. If an astronaut were to jump vertically in one-sixth gravity with the same effort expended on Earth, the initial velocity would be greater than on Earth. Therefore, the astronaut would go more than six times higher. 

For the purposes of this presentation, a conservative approach is taken in determining the relative jumping ability of astronauts in one-sixth gravity versus Earth gravity. A complicating factor is the alleged weight of the spacesuits and backpacks worn by the astronauts. NASA claimed that the gear weighed 185 pounds. This is a horrendous weight to carry on the Earth, but would be no problem in one-sixth gravity. Assuming that the astronauts weighed 185 pounds and their gear weighed the same, the total combined weight in one-sixth gravity would be only 62 pounds. This is still only one-third of an astronaut's Earth body weight. Therefore, the astronauts should have been able to jump vertically far higher than they could on Earth without any burden. 

A number of professional athletes can jump over three feet off the ground when they are stretched out, such as in a basketball lay-up. These athletes are the exception, but an average man in good condition can easily manage 18 inches in a standing vertical jump. It will be assumed that the astronauts were capable of attaining this on Earth with a moderate effort. Finally, since John Young's vertical jumping during the Apollo 16 mission has been observed on film many times by the author, the question of spacesuit mobility and height attained can be discussed. 

A standing vertical jump of at least 18 inches on Earth can be accomplished by exerting an upward force of around 500 pounds by a 185-pound person. An equation is derived in Appendix F which gives the relative heights attained by an astronaut in one-sixth gravity, carrying a burden equal to his weight, and the same astronaut on Earth without a burden. It was assumed that in each case the upward forces were identical. Since a jump from a standing vertical position only requires the knees to bend slightly, the spacesuits would not have hampered the astronauts appreciably. The televised pictures of John Young on the Moon indicated that he was able to utilize his arms and legs for jumping in an essentially normal manner. 

The resulting ratio of relative jumping ability calculated in Appendix F turns out to be over four. This means that even with the astronaut gear, Young should have been able to jump over six feet off the ground if the Moon had one-sixth of the Earth's gravity. In actuality, his efforts lifted him at most 18 inches off the ground. The author's observations indicated that Young made several attempts to jump as high as he could but with no success in achieving a height of more than 18 inches. Young is shown at the peak of one of his jumps in Photo 2. Note the position of the top of Young's helmet in relation to the flag. Critics may claim that he wasn't really trying, that he purposely kept his jumping efforts to a minimum. However, if this were the case, a similar Earth effort without a backpack and suit would have lifted him only five inches or so. This was probably Young's last chance to demonstrate that the Moon had a low surface gravity. Why wouldn't he make a reasonable effort to impress the world by jumping four feet? A reasonable jump would have been conclusive proof that the Moon had a low gravity, and the risk of injury would have been minimal in low gravity conditions, even with the backpack and suit. 

With the knowledge that the astronauts could only jump about 18 inches on the Moon, and assuming that the gear weighed what NASA claimed, Moon gravity is conservatively calculated to be 50 percent of Earth gravity in Appendix G. If NASA overstated the true weight of the astronauts' gear, Moon gravity would be appreciably higher. Evidence to follow suggests that the astronauts' gear weighed no more than about 75 pounds. In Appendix H, the Moon's gravity was calculated to be 71 percent of the Earth's based on the following assumptions: John Young jumped 18 inches on the Moon; his spacesuit and backpack weighed 75 pounds on Earth; and he could manage 18 inches on the Earth without any burden. 

A lot of writers seemed to give the impression that the Moon suits worn by the Apollo 11 astronauts were extremely restrictive. Yet, the following information taken from We Reach the Moon by Wilford indicates that this was not necessarily the case.3 Wilford mentioned that Neil Armstrong found that he could move around easily in his bulky spacesuit and heavy backpack under a lunar gravity one-sixth of Earth's. The costume weighed 185 Earth pounds and was flexible enough so that the wearer could walk, dig, climb, and place instruments on the Moon's surface. Wilford also indicated that the astronauts did not find walking and working on the Moon as taxing as had been forecast, and that they bounded about easily in kangaroo hops. 

The idea of one-sixth gravity presents a problem in explaining how the astronauts really performed compared to how they should have performed. The difficulty in jumping cannot be attributed to spacesuit bulkiness. However, a substantial lunar gravity would create problems. 

In view of the information presented thus far, it may come as no surprise to the reader that security control extended to the astronauts' conversations on the Moon as well as to Mission Control. The ability to delete and edit undesirable comments made by the astronauts could always be accomplished before transmission to the public. There was a delay from the time Mission Control received the information until transmission to our television sets. 

The following is a summary of information taken from The Voyages of Apollo by Lewis which points out the degree of control exercised over the Apollo mission activities.4 He indicated that the astronauts' tasks were all carefully plotted out in advance. The explorers were expected to follow the plot as faithfully as actors in a play to stay on schedule. Every move was planned, timed, recorded, and every deviation from the plan had to be explained and justified. Virtually every event and movement was governed by the flight plan—a script as large as a telephone book. 

It seems that even the dialogue was carefully controlled, especially when the astronauts knew they were being filmed or recorded for television. This will be demonstrated later when references to a "hot mike" are made by one of the astronauts. 

Apollo 12 was a more extensive mission than the first  Moon landing. Whereas Armstrong and Aldrin spent only 2 1/2 hours on the Moon, Conrad and Bean would spend a total of more than 7 hours venturing a half-mile from the spacecraft. This mission was to involve many scientific experiments, including an aluminum foil solar wind collector that will be discussed in the chapter on atmosphere. 

The first Apollo 12 discrepancy of significance revealing a high lunar gravity occurred just after Conrad jumped the final three feet from the bottom of the ladder to the Moon's surface. The following information was summarized from an account of the incident by Lewis.5 As Conrad stood on the Lunar Module landing pad, he stated that the last step may have been a small step for Neil, but was a long one for him. He then stepped off the pad and mentioned that he could walk pretty well, but that he had to take it easy and watch what he was doing. As Conrad was scooping up the contingency sample, Bean warned him not to fall over since he appeared to be leaning forward too far. Supposedly, it would be difficult for him to get up in the Moon suit if he fell over. Conrad then stated that he did not think Bean would be able to steam around as fast as he thought he could. 

In the above incident, it seems that Conrad was commenting on the final 3-foot jump since he referred to Neil Armstrong's jump down to the surface, not an intermediate step to the lowest rung on the ladder. Jumping from a 3-foot height in one-sixth gravity would be like jumping from 6 inches on the Earth. Even with the heavy backpack life-support systems on, the 3-foot drop would have scarcely been felt by the astronauts. They should have been able to lower themselves down with their arm strength alone, and no difficulties should have been encountered. 

When Conrad began to move around on the surface, he may have experienced weight problems. However, even with the alleged weight of the gear, the astronauts should have had no problems in standing up if they fell down in one-sixth gravity. They would have been able to provide the necessary push to right themselves with their arm strength alone since their Moon weight should have only been 60 pounds or so. The evidence presented does not support the contention of one-sixth gravity. It indicates a lunar gravity close to that found on the Earth's surface. 

A photo appeared in the December 12, 1969 issue of Life magazine showing Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean carrying a barbell-shaped package of instruments which allegedly weighed 190 Earth pounds.6 The accompanying statement that it had a Moon weight of only 30 pounds does not seem consistent with the photo which shows a noticeable bow in the approximately 1-inch bar. This picture is shown in Photo 3. The movie film of this event is even more revealing. As Bean carried the instrument package across the lunar surface, the bar bent up and down, strained by the heavy burden on each end. It was also apparent that the instrument package was quite heavy from Bean's efforts and movements. 

Before the remaining Apollo missions are discussed, it is of value to examine how the astronauts were given training to prepare them for their excursions on the Moon. If a 185- pound astronaut carried a backpack life-support system and spacesuit weighing 185 pounds, the combined total weight of astronaut and gear would be 370 pounds on Earth, compared to 62 pounds in one-sixth gravity conditions. Therefore, an Earth simulation of one-sixth gravity would have to lighten the astronaut and his equipment to one-third of his normal Earth body weight. Any attempt to simulate one-sixth gravity on Earth would have to be made underwater or with a special contraption which actually helps to lighten the astronaut and his burden, regardless of whether he is moving up or down. Both of these methods were employed by NASA. However, in early 1964, space scientists discovered Oregon as a place to serve as a lunar workshop without using water or special devices. 

Astronauts were sent to the Bend, Oregon area to get their "Moon legs." Walter Cunningham was the first to try out the Moon suit, backpack life-support system, and certain tools to be used by Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon excursion. In the first test over lava rocks, Cunningham lost his balance and sprained his thumb, tearing small holes in the suit glove which caused it to lose pressure. Evidently a full simulation was attempted. If so, how could the NASA people rationalize the weight problem. There is no way that the condition of one sixth gravity could be reproduced in this manner. Even if the backpack were lightened considerably, the combined weight of a 185-pound astronaut and gear would be far more than three times the required lunar weight. If anything, the real purpose of the tests must have been to simulate a lunar gravity which is nearly the same as Earth's. 

That the astronauts were able to maneuver around at all in the Bend, Oregon area with their gear on suggests that the gear weighed far less than 185 pounds. The ridiculousness of the exercise makes the NASA cover-up very clear. Since the tests began in early 1963, it is apparent that the Moon's high gravity was discovered at least as early as 1962. This supports the conclusion Astronaut Experiences on the Moon 69 presented in Chapter 3 that Ranger Moon probes gave NASA the required information to determine lunar gravity by 1962 or earlier. 

Throughout the early Apollo missions, an attempt was made to impress the public that the Apollo Moon suits were extremely bulky and awkward. This would greatly inhibit the astronauts' mobility on the Moon. Consequently, the astronauts would be effectively handicapped and incapable of impressive athletic feats. It is somewhat unbelievable that from the time Cunningham tested out the best available spacesuit gear in 1964 until the first Apollo landing in 1969, little improvement seemed to have been made in the suits. The public has always been told that the best equipment was provided for the astronauts. Certainly enough money was paid to develop the best possible equipment. 

A little digging brought an interesting discovery to light. In Suiting Up For Space written in 1971, Lloyd Mallan stated the following: 

As a matter of fact, Hamilton Standard had already achieved a space suit with 93 percent of nude range before October 1968, when they demonstrated it before the aerospace scientists and engineers attending the Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Live demonstrations of the suit during the week-long meeting attracted wide interest and attention—plus some disbelief. It was hard for some of the onlookers to believe that so much mobility could be designed into an inflated space suit. But it was. For the advanced suit was developed to meet the greater mobility requirements of manned space missions to follow the Apollo moon-landing program.7 

The author contends that if as early as 1968 this was the best piece of equipment available, NASA had the time and money to insure that it would be used on every Apollo mission. After all, billions of dollars were spent in sending men to the Moon. It is only reasonable to make sure that once the men are there, they can perform their tasks in the best possible manner. If they were not used, then perhaps NASA wanted to continue to convince the public that the Moon had a weak gravity. If the astronauts were encumbered, there would be less chance of a breach in the cover-up. The bulkiness and weight would be good excuses for anemic jumping and maneuvering attempts. However, it was just pointed out that the Apollo 16 astronauts had great flexibility with improved suits, yet they were still not capable of worthy jumping feats. 

The public was told that modifications were made to the spacesuits by the time of the later Apollo missions. In the July 1971 issue of National Geographic in an article entitled "The Climb up Cone Crater", Alice J. Hall stated: 

Apollo 15's LM will be able to stay on the moon 67 hours, twice as long as Antares did. Improved suits will allow greater mobility as the spacemen go about their chores.8 

The reader can compare the sizes of the Apollo 11 suits with the Apollo 16 suits and see that the latter suits were less bulky in appearance. Therefore, astronauts on the Apollo 16 mission should not have had any trouble on the Moon if one sixth gravity conditions existed. Hills should have been climbed with leaping bounds and great distances should have been covered in short time periods by the astronauts. 

Before the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission which never made a lunar landing, astronauts Lovell and Haise practiced a traverse in Verde Valley within Prescott National Forest, Arizona. This was to give them the experience they would need to reach Cone Crater on a ridge about 400 feet higher than the proposed landing site elevation. Again, the author suggests to the reader that practices in Arizona would be totally useless if one-sixth gravity were to be encountered on the Moon. Their centers of gravity on the Moon would be different from the Earth simulations and the Earth weights would be three or four times too high to reproduce lunar conditions. However, the practice sessions would certainly have been useful in simulating near-Earth gravity conditions.

If Cunningham's backpack and spacesuit had weighed 185 pounds, he would have become totally exhausted in minutes, but he was not. Incredibly, his 1964 simulations involved spacesuit pressure. This implies that he carried oxygen and some sort of cooling system, otherwise he would have quickly passed out from heat exhaustion. All this evidence points to the conclusion that the life-support systems and spacesuits were light enough for the astronauts to have performed in high lunar gravity conditions for extended periods of time. In addition, this was accomplished as early as 1964 and developmental efforts would have lightened the gear considerably by 1969. The combined spacesuit and life-support system weight was probably less than 75 pounds. Exotic light metals and the best known materials available to NASA would have assured this. 

Following the Apollo 13 mishap on the way to the Moon, a 10-month delay was taken to re-engineer and modify the spacecraft before Apollo 14. This mission would be another attempt to reach the highland regions of Fra Mauro and the highlight of the trip was to be the  1.8-mile excursion to Cone Crater. Problems arose because the trip was mostly uphill and the astronauts had to take turns with the Modularized Equipment Transporter, or MET. On their first EVA or Moon excursion, Lewis mentioned that Shepard and Mitchell moved around with dancing steps and kangaroo jumps.9 Unfortunately, it seems that the first excursion must have gotten the best of them because on the trip to Cone Crater, the explorers were huffing and puffing and their heart rates climbed.10 The difficulties were attributed to their semirigid, cumbersome suits and the heavy backpack life-support systems which supposedly weighed 185 pounds on Earth. 

It is important for the reader to understand that the combined weight of astronaut, spacesuit, and life-support system could not have exceeded 62 pounds in one-sixth gravity. This could hardly be considered a sizable fraction of their Earth weight. For men who were moving with dancing steps and kangaroo jumps the day before, slight hills seemed to present a formidable challenge. If the Moon's weak gravity presented such an awesome challenge to astronauts in walking uphill, then perhaps the excellent physical condition which these men were supposed to be in was overrated. It was expected to hear comments by the astronauts on the ease of moving up hills and in traversing long distances with little effort and great speed. Fortunately, Apollo missions 15, 16, and 17 did not subject astronauts quite as much to the Moon's hostile environment and tremendous "one-sixth" gravity. The Lunar Rover was to transport them most of the way to their destinations. 

When the Apollo 14 astronauts were in view of the south flank of Cone Crater, Shepard went down on one  knee to pick up a rock and required the aid of Mitchell to stand up. About two-thirds of the way to their destination, their heart rates were up to 120 beats per minute as they moved uphill. The following information was summarized from Lewis' account of the journey.11 Their heavy breathing was heard in Houston, New York, Washington, and Florida. As they continued, the going became more and more difficult. The rim of the crater seemed close, but they could not make any significant progress toward it. As they climbed, Shepard's rate reached 150 per minute and Mitchell's went to 128. Frequent rest breaks were taken. After spending more than half of their 4-hour EVA, Shepard estimated that the rim of Cone Crater was still 30 minutes away. Shepard then concluded that there was not sufficient time left to reach the rim, even with a 30-minute extension. The astronauts never reached Cone Crater. They went back downhill toward Weird Crater to collect rock samples, then on to Triplet to dig trenches. 

It seems that the 1.8-mile trek could not be negotiated. If the astronauts had not been trying so hard to reach it, this would not be very startling. After all, they had documentation and sampling work to do along the way. On the Earth, this would have been a reasonable amount of time, all things considered. But on the Moon with one-sixth gravity, the astronauts should have been able to maintain a speed of at least five miles per hour. If they were two-thirds of the way to their destination, they should have been able to travel the remaining half-mile in six minutes at a rate of five miles per hour. Yet they estimated that they could not do it in 30 minutes. If they were on Earth, they may have been able to crawl the remaining distance and still meet the deadline, but this was on the Moon, supposedly in one-sixth gravity conditions. 

Finally, they returned to the landing site, checked the ALSEP instruments, and then Shepard performed his famous six-iron golf experiment. The objective of the demonstration was to show how far a ball would travel in the Moon's weak gravity. One ball supposedly traveled 100 yards and another 400 yards. The uncertainties involved preclude conclusions concerning the distances given. However, the evidence of a high Moon gravity given thus far indicates that significant distances could not have been achieved in the attempts. 

The author observed one of the Apollo 14 astronauts in a movie film of the mission. The astronaut was running in semi slow-motion in an otherwise perfectly normal manner. The discrepancy arises when it is considered that the astronaut went no higher off the surface and went no farther with each step than he would have on Earth. The slow-motion effects could not cover up this fact. This suggests that the film speed was adjusted to slow down the action to give the impression that the astronauts were lighter than they actually were. With the slow-motion effects, objects would appear to fall more slowly and the public would be convinced of the Moon's weak gravity. 

In a 1979 television special commemorating the tenth anniversary of Apollo 11, a short replay of astronauts on the Moon was given. The author had hoped to see many minutes of televised pictures from the Moon. However, the hour-long special allocated less than two minutes of time to the films. To make the situation worse, it appeared that the film was edited to remove many frames between pictures. This made the film choppy and the astronauts appeared to move around at Astronaut Experiences on the Moon 15 super-high speed in the style of old-time movies. Perhaps other viewers asked themselves why such poor coverage and little attention was given to the original films of this historic event. Instead, the special focused on preparations for the trip and other aspects of the astronauts' lives. Alan Shepard commentated and made a point to mention the one-sixth gravity condition on the Moon. 

Apollo 15 was to employ the Lunar Rover land vehicle for the first time to enable astronauts to cover greater distances. After the problems Mitchell and Shepard had on the Moon, this was almost a necessity. The Apollo 15 mission was to the Mt. Hadley-Apennine Mountain region where the Rover would take them up fairly steep slopes. Even with the Rover, Scott and Irwin had to stay within a six-mile radius of the Lunar Module. This was the maximum walking distance back to the ship in the event of a breakdown. The Rover was supposedly designed for the Moon's one-sixth gravity, but close examination indicates that it resembled a vehicle more suitable for near-Earth gravity. It was approximately 10 feet long and 4 feet high, with a 7.5-foot wheelbase and 6-foot tread width. The wheels were 32 inches in diameter with chevron-shaped treads of titanium, not much different looking than an Earth tire. Each wheel had its own quarter horse electric motor and its top speed was given as 17 kilometers per hour, or 10.6 miles per hour, on the Apollo 16 mission. It had an Earth weight of 460 pounds and could carry a load of 1,080 Earth pounds. A picture of Irwin and the Rover is shown in Photo 4 with Mt. Hadley in the background. 

On the Moon, assuming one-sixth gravity, the empty Rover with scientific and communication equipment  would weigh less than 120 pounds. The astronauts had to unload the Rover from the side of the Lunar Module and unfold it before they could use it. According to Lewis, it was harder for them to unload the Rover on the Moon than it had been in practice sessions on Earth.12 During the process, numerous phrases such as "take it easy", "atta boy", and "easy now" were heard in the conversations between the Earth and the Moon. It seems that two astronauts were struggling with an object which should have only weighed 120 pounds or less in one-sixth gravity. The deployment of the Rover had been practiced on Earth and should not have been harder on the Moon. It should have been easier, but it was not. It is significant that Scott and Irwin wore updated Moon suits with a convoluted neck and waist.13 This enabled them to turn, nod their heads, twist, and bend forward a lot more easily than prior astronauts. Moon suit bulkiness seems to be a poor excuse for the astronauts' performance in unloading the Rover. The only remaining possibility is the high lunar gravity since practice sessions were conducted to preclude any mechanical problems or procedural difficulties. 

The problems anticipated on the Moon dealing with lunar surface vehicles were discussed in a 1966 book entitled Survival on the Moon by Lawrence Maisak.14 The writer stated that stability would be one of the most vexing problems due to the weak gravity. He mentioned that the center of gravity should be kept low and the wheel tread kept wide to prevent the vehicle from overturning. Accordingly, a minimum-size vehicle would need a wheelbase of 20 feet to give it speed capability over rough terrain. However, a much longer wheelbase would restrict the fore and aft obstacle clearance. The body of Maisak's vehicle would be a 7-foot diameter 11 cylinder having 3 feet of clearance when above level ground. To keep the center of gravity to within 6 feet of the surface, it would need a tread width of 20 feet. Maisak was attempting to design a vehicle for rough terrain in one-sixth gravity. His proposed design ensured that the vehicle would clear rocks and still maintain stability in gravity conditions which could easily overturn an Earth-type vehicle. 

An analysis is presented in Appendix I to determine how the Rover would have performed if the Moon had one-sixth gravity. The Rover encountered mostly loose dust and rocks on the Moon. This type of surface would have less traction than ordinary pavement. The Rover had a loaded Earth weight of 1,540 pounds. Under one-sixth gravity, only 128 pounds of force would be required to make the vehicle slide. Therefore in going the maximum speed of 10.2 miles per hour, the vehicle would begin to slide if the wheels were turned enough to make a radius of curvature of less than 84 feet. Even at 5 miles per hour, the minimum curvature would be 20 feet. The operator would have to be extremely careful not to make any abrupt changes in direction since a sharp turn could tip it over. The Lunar Rover would be especially dangerous because the astronauts were supposedly carrying the heavy backpack life support systems which extended about 5 feet above the lunar surface. The vehicle seats were just about 3 feet above the ground; therefore, the majority of the astronauts' combined weight of 800 Earth pounds was well above this. Thus, the Lunar Rover does not follow the guidelines for lunar vehicle design proposed by Lawrence Maisak in the above cited reference. 

The maximum braking force that could be exerted also depends on the vehicle's lunar weight. Under one- sixth gravity, only 128 pounds of braking force would be exerted by the locked wheels. This could only slow it down 2.68 feet per second every second. At this rate, it would take almost 6 seconds and 42 feet to stop the Rover going 10.2 miles per hour. This would be acceptable on a flat surface with no obstacles; but on the Moon, rocks and ruts of appreciable size could not be avoided in time to keep from damaging the Rover or tipping it over. It isn't difficult to see that the Rover would be a dangerous vehicle to drive on the Moon in one-sixth gravity. Climbing and descending steep hills with the Rover would be like committing suicide if one sixth gravity conditions existed. This provides convincing evidence that the Moon has a high surface gravity nearly equal to Earth's. 

In Apollo 16, still more modifications were made to the Moon suits. NASA delayed the launch until March 17, 1972 to strengthen the more flexible suits and to rework a docking jettison device to ensure a clean separation during lift-off.15 Apollo 16 provided valuable information in regard to the real findings of the space program. The reader will recall the jumping feats of John Young referred to at the beginning of this chapter. He was performing with the improved Moon suit which was supposed to be even better than the Apollo 15 improved version. One might even suspect that this latest suit measured up to the Hamilton Standard design first exhibited in 1968. 

On their first EVA, Young and Duke tested out Rover II. Young drove the Rover at maximum acceleration as they approached the landing site, reaching 17 kilometers per hour. According to Lewis, the surface was rough and they wanted to see how the vehicle would perform in "Grand Prix" driving while making sharp turns with speed.16 Clearly, the exhibition would have met with disaster in one-sixth gravity conditions. 

At the end of Apollo 16's first day on the Moon, the "hot mike" issue came up. It was suggested previously that the astronauts were careful about what they said when they knew the conversations might be heard on the public address system. A summary of the incident derived from Lewis' account will now be presented.17 Young and Duke evidently thought that the microphones were off and began to converse in more visceral and explicit terms than they normally would have used if they believed they were still being heard over the space center's public address system. Houston then sent up a call to Young, telling him that he had a hot mike. Young apologized and mentioned that it was sometimes a terrible thing to have a hot mike up there. Houston then told them what a commendable job they had done considering that they didn't know they were on. From the above information, the reader can see that the astronauts were carefully monitored by Houston. In addition, they generally maintained control of themselves when their microphones were on. In the above instance, it seems that an instrument problem caused them to believe they were off the air. Information uncovered of this nature is meaningless taken as an isolated occurrence. However, in the context of the material presented in this book indicating a massive cover-up, this bit of evidence carries a lot of weight. 

Charles Duke evidently had a difficult time on the Moon. He fell a number of times and a series of photos appeared in many newspapers which showed him stumbling and falling. Incredibly, these falls were actually Presented by the news media as a demonstration of the Moon's weak gravity. Since objects would take nearly 2 1/2 times longer to fall in one-sixth gravity, Duke should have had plenty of time to catch himself. It is even more surprising that Duke fell as often as he did considering that he was wearing the most advanced, updated Moon suit which supposedly provided him more flexibility than any astronaut before him. 

The destination of Apollo 17 was to a valley surrounded by a mountain system, southeast of the Serenitatis Basin. Cernan and Schmitt began their first EVA by deploying and loading the Rover. The following interesting account involving Cernan was summarized from The Voyages of Apollo.16 It seems that Cernan was so enthusiastic that the Capcom (Capsule Communicator), Parker, warned him that his metabolic rate was moving up. This meant that he was using more oxygen. Cernan replied that he had never felt calmer in his life and indicated to Parker that they would take it easy. He mentioned to Parker that he thought it was due to getting accustomed to handling himself in "zero G." Parker, an astronomer, then stated that he thought Cernan was working at one-sixth gravity. Cernan's reply was, "Yes. You know where we are . . . whatever." The latter remark by Cernan in response to the Moon's gravity seems to suggest that he wanted to avoid the discussion. Perhaps Parker was not aware of the high gravity situation and asked an embarrassing question. 

The remainder of the Apollo 17 mission was devoted to scientific experiments. Since Schmitt was a geologist, a great deal of field study was conducted with many Moon rock samples. In addition, experiments with gravimeters, atmospheric composition detectors, and a device to determine if water or ice existed below the surface were conducted. Since atmospheric experiments were also a part of the Apollo 15 and 16 missions, it is Astronaut Experiences on the Moon 81 reasonable to conclude that the density of the atmosphere was worthy of study and that the findings of prior missions indicated a further need for measuring it at different locations. If the Moon were as much of a vacuum as has been claimed by scientists, the repetitive atmospheric measurements should not have been necessary. It is interesting that the postulate of the Moon's vacuum condition is based upon the Moon's weak gravity. A substantial gravity is required to hold an atmosphere. 

Keeping these concepts in mind, lunar atmospheric theory, based on the concept of one-sixth gravity, will be explained in Chapter 6. The implications of a high Moon gravity will also be given. 

6 

MOON ATMOSPHERIC THEORY PRIOR TO THE SPACE PROGRAM 

Orthodox science has always contended that the Moon is a completely airless world. The primary reason has been that the Moon's weak one-sixth gravity would be unable to hold much of an atmosphere. Any indications of a substantial atmosphere would be ignored by most orthodox scientists because they would be convinced of the weak gravity beforehand. Evidence of a high lunar gravity has already been presented. The purpose of this chapter is to give the reader a clear picture of conditions that would exist on the Moon without an atmosphere. When evidence of a significant atmosphere is presented later, the extent of the cover-up will be apparent. 

The following analysis of conditions to be expected on the Moon was given in U.S. on the Moon by the writers of U.S. News & World Report in 1969: 

If the moon once did produce the ingredients for an atmosphere, these would have been lost because the moon's gravity is too weak to keep oxygen, nitrogen, and the other gases that give life to earth from escaping into space. And without an atmosphere, there could be no water on the surface. . . . 

Viewing the skies from the moon's surface, one might conclude that all the universe is just as barren. The stars are in view night and day, but they never twinkle because there is no disturbed atmosphere which makes them appear to do so. The vast millions of miles of space between stars are pitch black. From the moon the sun appears to be a ball of intolerably bright radiance, but the sky around it is as black as midnight.1 

A vacuum condition on the Moon would also cause dust particles on the surface to behave much differently than on Earth. The nature of the Moon's surface in a vacuum is easily predicted by a simple experiment. The following summary of such an experiment was written from information found in Exploration of the Moon by Franklyn M. Branley.2 Fred Whipple of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts contended that dust particles would become tightly packed together without gases to filter in between and separate them. Consequently, Whipple and his supporters maintained that dust is so compacted on the Moon that a strong crust capable of supporting men and their vehicles would exist. An experiment to verify this was conducted by Dwain Bowen of The North American Aviation Company. A steel ball was released into a container of fine dust-like particles and promptly sank. When the ball was dropped under the same conditions in a near vacuum, the ball stopped at the surface. The resulting crust consisted of dust particles so compacted that a semisolid was created capable of supporting the ball. 

Even Wernher von Braun seemed to agree with the above logic in his 1971 book, Space Frontier!3 He stated that he and many people had always held that there cannot be very much loose dust on the Moon. Von Braun mentioned that a simple experiment shows that dust in a vacuum, such as on the Moon, becomes hard-packed, and that adjacent dust particles will fuse together into a pumice-like substance. From the information just presented, it is clear that no dust could exist in a near vacuum. If the Moon had only one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity, it could not hold an atmosphere and the surface would be nearly as hard as compacted dirt. 

Another old time belief about the Moon was that it would exhibit no signs of weathering or erosion. This is because weathering and erosion effects are primarily the result of atmospheric phenomena such as rain and wind. In a vacuum there can be no clouds, rain, or atmospheric wind. Consequently, the consensus used to be that the Moon would have a rugged, jagged terrain with little or no rounding of mountains. If any erosion or weathering effects were found, they would have to be due to volcanic activity, meteoritic or mico-meteoritic bombardment, temperature changes, or the solar wind. The solar wind is a supersonic flow of hydrogen and helium gas from the Sun which blows continuously through the solar system. 

Supposedly, no water exists on the surface because the hot lunar day would evaporate it and the weak gravity could not prevent it from escaping into space. Without air and water, surface color changes could not occur other than those produced by volcanic activity and meteors. Seasonal color changes would never occur without weather and vegetation. 

The lunar day is 28 times longer than an Earth day; therefore, it takes 14 Earth days (24 hours long) for the Sun to move across the lunar sky from sunrise to sunset. The lunar night is also 28 times longer than an Earth night, equivalent to 14 Earth days. The lack of atmosphere and a day and night cycle which is 28 times longer than Earth's would cause the Moon's daily temperature to vary more than 500° F. The longer lunar day causes  the surface to reach a higher temperature and the lack of an atmosphere would prevent heat from escaping as rapidly because there would be no air to carry heat away from the surface. During the night, the reverse situation would occur. The surface heat would radiate into space more quickly than if an atmosphere existed and the long night causes the temperature to drop to extremely low levels. The Earth's atmosphere acts as a heat storage bank to keep surface heat from escaping during the night and to prevent it from building up too much during the day. 

Even during the day there would be great differences in Moon surface temperatures between shadows and sunlit areas. This is because the surface heat in shadows would escape rapidly while sunlit surface heat would not. This effect is noted on the Earth at high elevations and is due to the thin air. 

Surface temperature differences between shaded and sunlit areas would create other problems. Material not exposed to sunlight would become brittle and shatter with little provocation due to low temperatures. High temperatures would make objects exposed to the Sun too hot to handle after a short time. Objects only partially exposed to the Sun would experience tremendous destructive thermal stresses due to temperature differences between the sunlit and shaded sides. Spaceships and scientific instruments on the Moon would have these problems if not properly shielded. If an astronaut stayed in one position too long, he might be cooked on one side and frozen on the other. Without protective clothing, the astronaut would be fried if he sat on a rock or a Moon vehicle seat exposed to the Sun. 

Light diffusion could not occur without an atmosphere. Shadows could only be illuminated by reflected  light from other surfaces. Without these other sources of light, shadows and objects in these shadows would be nearly, if not completely, invisible. The Sun's disk would be clearly evident on any photo and blackness would extend to the Sun's corona. No halos would be seen around the Sun because no atmospheric diffusion (scattering) or refraction (bending of light) could occur. Sunset and sunrise effects on the Moon would never occur because diffusion and refraction through the atmosphere would be nonexistent. Without dust in the air and an atmosphere to hold it, no light scattering would take place. 

Without an atmosphere, meteors would never be seen burning up above the Moon's surface. In addition, stars would never appear to be occulted by the Moon. Stars are occulted when they are eclipsed by the Moon or other planets. If the planet has an atmosphere, stars close to the surface will be dimmed and reddened due to refraction. They also appear to be displaced relative to other stars and remain visible for a little while after they have actually been covered by the planet's disk. This refraction or light bending also causes the star to reappear on the other side of the planet somewhat earlier than it would without an atmosphere. During a solar eclipse, the Sun would shine through the Moon's atmosphere if it had one. This would produce a refraction halo around the Moon. 

Moon explorers should have had no problems with dust because dust cannot exist in a vacuum. If they somehow managed to create dust and coat themselves with it in this vacuum, it would be almost impossible to remove. The dust particles would cling to them like glue. 

Without an atmosphere, ordinary machinery with moving parts which are not lubricated would cease to function. Layers of air molecules which are bound to the surfaces tend to prevent these surfaces from adhering or binding when they are in contact with each other. All surfaces would be very sticky. 

The implications of a high lunar gravity are devastating to the old Moon vacuum theory. A high lunar gravity implies that an atmosphere exists because volatile substances and gases continuously given off by the planet cannot escape the pull of gravity. The Moon would soon reach an equilibrium state where the density of air at the surface would remain essentially constant. The air pressure would also depend on the elevation, just like the Earth. The reader should consider that evidence of a substantial atmosphere is also evidence of a high lunar gravity. Verification of one assertion verifies the other. A substantial atmosphere on the Moon means that clouds, weather, erosion, water, plant life, and animal life may exist. However, the conditions cannot be the same as on Earth because of the long lunar days and nights and other considerations. 

In the next chapter, allusions to the Moon's vacuum will be shown to have about as much merit as the contention of one sixth gravity. A startling number of breaches in the NASA cover-up supplied a great deal of evidence that the Moon has an Earth-like atmosphere. But in addition to the NASA supplied evidence, many other sources of information exist. These will be explored in considerable detail. 

next

part 3

https://exploringrealhistory.blogspot.com/2021/02/part-3-moongate-nasamilitary-cover.html

INCREDIBLE FINDINGS CONCERNING THE LUNAR ATMOSPHERE 80s

notes

CHAPTER 4 

1. Wernher von Braun, Space Frontier, (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1971), p. 215. 

2. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., 1973, s.v. "Space Exploration," p. 1045. 

3. John Noble Wilford, We Reach the Moon, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969), p. 122. 

4. Richard Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, (New York: The New York Times Book Co., 1974), p. 104. 

CHAPTER 5 

1. James R. Berry, "How to Walk on the Moon," Science Digest, November 1967, p. 8. 

2. U.S. on the Moon, (Washington: U.S. News & World Report, 1969), p. 54. 

3. John Noble Wilford, We Reach the Moon, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969), pp. 298-305. 

4. Richard Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, (New York: The New York Times Book Co., 1974), p. 109. 

5. Ibid., pp. 111-112. 

6. "Intrepid on a Sun-drenched Sea of Storms," Life, December 12, 1969, p. 35. 

7. Lloyd Mallan, Suiting Up For Space, (New York: The John Day Company, 1971), p. 239. 

8. Alice J. Hall, "The Climb Up Cone Crater," National Geographic, July 1971, p. 148. 

9. Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, p. 187. 

10. Ibid., p. 193. 

11 Ibid., pp. 195-1%. 

12. Ibid., p.212. 

13. Ibid., p.212. 

14. Lawrence Maisak, Survival on the Moon, (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1966), pp. 133-134. 

15. Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, p. 248. 

16. Ibid., p.257. 

17. Ibid., pp. 259-260. 

18. Ibid., p. 279. 

CHAPTER 6 

1. U.S. on the Moon, (Washington: U.S. News & World Report, 1969), pp. 51- 55. 

2. Franklyn M. Branley, Exploration of the Moon, (Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press, 1966), p. 34. 

3. Wernher von Braun, Space Frontier, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1971), p. 156.

FAIR USE NOTICE

This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. As a journalist, I am making such material available in my efforts to advance understanding of artistic, cultural, historic, religious and political issues. I believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law.

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. Copyrighted material can be removed on the request of the owner.