Dead Men's Secrets
Tantalising Hints of a Lost Super Race
By Jonathan Gray
Chapter 16
Large-size construction
STRANGE RUINS ON THE
SEABED
A startling surprise awaited Captain Don Henry. On that particular day
in 1976 he was forty miles off the southern coast of Florida directing
sonar soundings of the ocean floor.
Suddenly an immense, pyramid-shaped structure showed up. It was 300
feet below the surface. Subsequent underwater closed-circuit TV was to
show the pyramid to be about 420 feet high—a veritable skyscraper—nearly
the size of the great pyramids of Egypt.
When twelve other pyramids turned up on a NASA satellite photograph
of the Amazon jungle, noted author Charles Berlitz and Dr. Manson
Valentine, curator of the Miami Science Museum, excitedly organized a
major scientific expedition to the underwater pyramid—the first of its
kind—which set out with a crack team of fifteen archaeologists, researchers
and divers, early in August 1978.
At the same time, a NASA-supported expedition led by Florida explorer
Phillip Miller set out for the Amazon jungles of Peru, accompanied by a
documentary film team, to investigate the foliage-covered pyramids found
there.1
I am intrigued by an apparent relationship here. HUGE RUINS
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD generally resemble each other in
construction, as well as in geographical and astronomical alignment.
What is more, constructions which are technologically “impossible”
face us. PRECISE CONSTRUCTION AND COLOSSAL SIZE indicate
A
150
that the builders had unknown techniques and energy sources at their
disposal.
One feels that these magnificent, time-defying ruins that still exist after
4,000 years can hardly be the work of primitive barbarians. Surely they are
the scientific instruments of an advanced universal civilization.
Join me on a Grand Tour and you’ll see what I mean.
1 (S): TIAHUANACO, BOLIVIA
Things that can’t happen have happened here.
The site is built 12,000 feet above sea level. This is oxygen-poor air, in
which the slightest exertion can cause nausea and worse. Yet blocks of up
to 200 tons were maneuvered over distances up to 90 miles. In rarified air
this is not possible by muscular strength.
This grand complex was built with a technical skill embarrassing to us
and by a method unknown to us.
Here was a city of startling dimensions.
Acres and acres lie covered with truncated pyramids, artificial hills,
lines of monoliths, platforms, underground rooms and giant gates which
incorporate architecture beyond our technical scope at the present day:
• Many large gateways were built from a single stone. The Gate of
the Sun is the biggest carved monolith in the world, a single block
10 feet high and 6 feet wide.
• The size of some of the buildings is astounding. The Fortress of
Akapana, 650 by 496 feet, was once a pyramid 167 feet high. The
“Sun Temple” was on a platform 440 feet long by 390 feet wide,
composed of blocks 100 to 200 tons each. Walls of the temple
complex itself had blocks 60 tons each. Steps of the stone stairway
were 50 tons apiece. Here were terraced temples like those of
faraway Babylon and Nineveh. The walls of the Palace were 220
feet long by 180 feet wide. Its throne room was 160 feet long by
130 feet wide. The steps from the palace entrance were washed by
the lake (now receding and 15 miles away). The paved court under
our feet is 80 feet square, with a covered gallery 45 feet on one side.
Court and hall are one single block of dressed stone.
• Building blocks: One is 36 feet long and 7 feet wide, fitted without
lime or mortar and without any joint showing. Nearly every stone is
micro accurately cut and polished, nicked, mortised, and
occasionally even bevelled.
• Water conduits have a completely modem shape with smooth cross sections, polished inner and outer surfaces and accurate edges. See
these half-pipes? They have grooves and corresponding protrusions
that fit together.
Plundered: Spanish invaders stole the interlocking copper or silver keys
which secured the stonework from earthquake damage; until then they had
survived for thousands of years. Subsequent earthquakes levelled the
structures. As late as the nineteenth century there were imposing
colonnades to admire, of which, sadly, there is now no trace. Many of the
great buildings were dynamited and untold treasures disappeared. One 24-
foot statue remains.
2 (S): SACSAYHUAMAN, PERU
The ruined mountaintop “fortress” of Sacsayhuaman (pronounced “sexy
woman”) overlooks the ancient capital of Cuzco. Its terrace walls are 1,500
feet long and 54 feet wide.
• Enormous blocks (up to 25 feet wide and of 50 to 200 tons) are so
intricately flush one to the other, it is impossible to pass a knife
blade between them.
One block in an outer wall has faces cut to fit perfectly with
twelve other blocks. There are other blocks cut with as many as ten,
twelve and even thirty-six sides—and with no mortar between them.
Take notice how each fits exactly to the next touching stones, from
every side, including the inner surfaces! It defies belief. The whole
system interlocks and dovetails, making the chance fitting of each
block, or the grinding back and forth in situ for a perfect fit
impossible. Even if it had been possible, the power required to do
this would be sufficient to supply the needs of a modern city. Do
you see the problem?
• Within a few hundred yards of the complex, an abandoned single
block the size of a 5-story house weighs an estimated 20,000 tons!
Yes, 20,000 tons. It is impeccably cut and dressed. We have no
combination of machinery today that could dislodge such a weight,
let alone move it any distance. This indicates mastery of a
technology which we have as yet not attained.
• The quarries are 20 miles away, on the other side of a mountain
range and a deep river gorge. How the gigantic stones were moved
across such hopeless terrain is anyone’s guess.
Fig. 16—1. The massive Gate of the Sun, in Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, is fashioned from a single
block of stone. It is similar to other megalithic structures found widely distributed
throughout the world.
3 (S): EL ENLADRILLADO, CHILE
We visit another site high on a plateau.
• A total of 233 stone blocks are placed geometrically in an
amphitheater arrangement; some as large as 12 to 16 feet high,
20 to 30 feet long, and weighing several hundred tons.
And just look at those huge chairs of stone! Each weighs a massive 10
tons.
4 (S): OLLANTAYTAMBO, PERU
Fortress walls of tightly fitted blocks weighing 150 to 250 tons each are
of very hard andesite. Special tools are required to penetrate such hard
rock.
• The quarry is on a mountaintop 7 miles away. At a 10,000-feet
altitude, would you believe, the builders carved and dressed the hard
stone, lowered the 200-ton blocks down the mountainside, crossed a
river canyon with 1,000-foot sheer rock walls, and then raised the
blocks up another mountainside to fit them in place.
• Wall mirrors composed of six gigantic masses of roseate porphyry
each weigh at least 20 tons—and one is 40 tons.
The more one studies these buildings, the more one feels that a race of
scientific giants built them.
5 (S): CHAN-CHAN, PERU
This city of the Chimu Empire has walls up to 40 feet thick. Buildings
were richly decorated with stylized animals, flowers and geometric designs.
6 (S): MACHU PICCHU, PERU
Perched in the Andes on a razorback high above a horseshoe canyon,
this is a breathtakingly beautiful site. These fabled ruins offer romance and
mystery.
• But just notice those squared blocks—they’re 16 feet long! And
look above these doors—each granite lintel weighs 3 tons.
• We enter a room. Each wall is composed of a single solid megalith,
carved into thirty-two angles which join it to the neighboring blocks
perfectly. Such walls astound modern architects.
7 (S): PACHACAMAK, PERU
Here the temples were fastened with gold nails that weighed a ton each.
8 (S): AMAZON JUNGLE, BRAZIL
Numerous remote cities lie between Goyaz and the Roosevelt; one has a
triple arch formed of stone slabs weighing at least 50 tons apiece. How did
they do it?
9 (S): PARAIBA, BRAZIL
A huge ruined fortress with walls over 80 feet high and 16 feet thick,
and with an inner wall which once measured 492 feet long by 150 feet wide.
(South America is full of stupendous ruins of this kind.)
10 (W): COLOSSUS OF RHODES, GREECE
An iron-reinforced bronze statue of the sun-god Helios towered for 100
feet beside the Rhodes harbor.
11 (S): MYCENAE, GREECE
• A stone gateway 18 feet high supported a stone crosspiece
which weighed 240,000 pounds, was 30 feet long, 16 feet wide
and over 3 feet thick. It was carved from a single piece of
limestone. (This crosspiece was larger than any single piece
used in Egyptian pyramids.)
• Ramparts up to 30 feet thick.
12 (S): TIRYNS, GREECE
• Walls, more than 50 feet thick in places, had corners so neat that
they bore comparison with Egypt’s pyramids.
• The palace contained a 1,300-square-foot hall of slate with a
painted stone floor.
13 (S): TONGA
• A huge, single stone arch of 95 tons (once a gateway to a
complex of buildings) was brought 250 miles from the nearest
quarry—over the ocean.
• A stone tomb weighs 170 tons!
14 (S): VANUA LEVU ISLAND, FIJI
A monolith bearing an unknown script weighs 40 tons.
15 (S): RIMATORA, MARIANA ISLANDS
Columns up to 66 feet (equal to 6 stories) in height.
16 (S): PONAPE I., CAROLINE ISLANDS
Here stands the mysterious city of Non Madol (or Metalanim). Shall we
explore it by boat? Notice these features:
• Over ninety walled artificial islands, square or rectangular, covering
11 square miles of buildings, and intersected by canals that are also
artificial. A gigantic abandoned Venice of the Pacific.
• Walls of buildings are up to 15 feet thick and 33 feet high, rising
above watery “streets.” (And some of these buildings were once 60
feet high.)
• Enormous stone slabs of 5 to 25 tons were transported, take note,
from 25 miles away; then they were lifted to the tops of massive
walls several stories up.
• A huge temple complex built over a network of cellars and crypts
connected to one of the canals, has at its center a room in the shape
of a pyramid. Encircled by other ruins and a labyrinth of canals and
terraces, this complex is large enough to seat 2,000,000 people! No,
that’s not a misprint.
17 (S): EASTER ISLAND
We are now on a most isolated island.
• Here hundreds of mysterious stone faces, each weighing 35 to
50 tons, jut from the soil and stare out to sea. They once wore
red hats. The hats alone weighed 10 tons apiece, had a
circumference of 25 feet, a height of 7 feet 2 inches—and were
put on after the statues were erected.
• The statues were carved near the crater top, and then lowered
300 feet over the heads of other statues. This was accomplished
without leaving as much as a mark. Then they were moved up
and down cliff walls and on for 5 miles to their present resting
place.
• On a dangerously windy sheer rock face plunging 1,000 feet
straight into the sea, is a ledge—400 feet down. On this
precarious ledge, 25-ton statues were lowered to stand.
The question is, how did the builders cut, move and erect the gigantic
heads, including those which approach the size of a 7-story building?2
18 (S): BAALBEK, LEBANON
Baalbek conceals a mystery that may never be solved. Two magnificent
Roman temples were built upon an already existing, immense, prehistoric
dressed platform. These temples, the greatest in the Roman world, were
dwarfed by the platform. The platform is a feat of engineering that has
never been equalled in history:
• Here are individual stones as big as a bus. Up to 82 feet long and 15
feet high and thick, they are estimated to weigh 1,200 to 1,500 tons
each. One block weighs 2,000 tons—4 million pounds of solid
rock! It contains enough material to build a house 60 feet square
and 40 feet high with walls a foot thick.
• And you notice that they are raised into the building as much as 20
feet above ground.
• There are tunnels in the walling large enough for a train to go
through.
.Even with the tools of modern technology, we could not move
these building blocks intact. Our largest railway cars are too
puny. There are no cranes or other lifting apparatus in the world
today that can budge, let alone lift, these titanic blocks—yet
they are fitted together with such precision that no knife blade
can be inserted between the blocks.
• It would take three of our largest overhead cranes (hoisting 400
tons each) to lift one of them—even if it could be done without
damaging the block by the stress of its own tremendous weight.
At freight-train speed, the largest freight car can transport just
110 tons. Supposing that somehow a block could be
maneuvered onto a wheeled vehicle, the enormous load would
drive the wheels into the ground or grind them to pieces on the
rock surface.
• One individual block still lying prepared in the quarry is 12 feet
high by 12 feet thick and over 60 feet long. To move it by brute
force to join the others would have taken the combined efforts
of 40,000 men. (But then how could so many have had access
to the slab, in order to raise it?)
19 (S): STONEHENGE, ENGLAND
This was erected in stages during the period 2800 to 1700 B.C., as a
celestial observatory and calculator.
• Forty blue stones, each weighing 5 tons, were transported 240 miles
over land and water.
• Other blocks are 25 and 50 tons—and came from a quarry 20 miles
distant.
• These 18-foot sandstone pillars were erected in a circular colonnade,
and then connected by horizontal slabs atop them. Holes in the
slabs fitted exactly onto projections from the flat-top uprights.
Somebody had to lift these 20 feet, and (if we accept their
astronomical purpose) it all had to be fitted to the nearest inch.
(Even today this would not be easy.)
Historical legend asserts that some form of prehistoric machinery
provided the lift needed, thus enabling the stones to be laid lightly.
Somehow, by a technology unknown, the Stonehengers figured out
beforehand the depth of hole required to match up exactly—working out
results in advance that would need the help of a computer today.
Certainly they required tools and instruments of exactitude those in
present use.
Such difficult calculations presuppose the existence of writing. The
tenons and mortises on the raised stones indicate architectural skills
sufficient to build stone houses. The whole demands a high level of
intellectual attainment—a veritable Newton or Einstein must have been
at work.
Do you see what this means? Yet Stonehenge is only part of an extensive
complex of giant circles, monuments, and streets as broad as motorways,
throughout Britain.
20 (S): AVEBURY, ENGLAND
A temple here is claimed to have been larger than Stonehenge. It once
had 650 mammoth stones forming a huge circle around an artificial hill. For
centuries the breaking up of the stones for building has left only twenty still
standing.
21 (S): 600 SITES ALL OVER BRITAIN
• These sites were laid out with a precision that today can be
measured only by a highly qualified team of surveyors—with a
scientific exactitude (in some cases) of 1 in 1,500.
• And get this. Many of the stones have cup and ring markings
carved to a diameter accuracy within a few thousandths of an
inch!
• The builders all worked to an exact unit of length measure from
one end of Britain to the other—the “megalithic yard” (2,720
feet). Such uniformity suggests that one central authority sent
out the standard rods and planned and directed the construction
of all the sites.
• Some are not in circles but enormous ellipses—planned to
observe the bobs and weaves of the moon before the eclipses.
(This setting out was only possible with complex theorems
based on Pythagorean triangles.)
• What is more, the differences and strategy of locations made
possible a knowledge of the curvature and size of the earth.
• All sites appear to be aligned in a single geometric pattern. A
check of more than 3,000 prehistoric stone circles and single standing stones shows that every one is aligned to neighbors up
to 20 miles away at an angle of 23-1/2 degrees, or a multiple of
that angle. (This is most significant, because it is the angle of
the inclination of the earth’s axis.)
122 (S): ALSO IN BRITAIN
• West Kennet Long Barrow (constructed long before 2000 B.C.)
was a burial mound 350 feet long and up to 75 feet wide,
terminating in a sepulchre blocked by enormous stones. One
stone weighed 20 tons. Probably the oldest in Britain, it
exhibits building skills of the highest order.
Silbury Hill (the largest artificial earth mound in Europe) covers 5.5
acres and rises to 130 feet. It was carefully built with internal radial
walls for stability and shows insight into the problems of soil
engineering. The list grows.
23 (S): BRITTANY, FRANCE
• The megalithic monument of Ile-Melon originally weighed 90
tons.
• The Locmariaquer monolith once stood 67 feet high and
weighed over 380 tons; it was clearly visible 10 miles across the
sea.
• At Louden is the gigantic Bournand dolmen, 56 feet long,
whose largest slab weighs 350,000 pounds.
24 (S): ALTIN TEPE, TURKEY
This is near the mountains of Ararat, the landing place of the Flood
survivors.
• The walls of the precinct and the citadel were more than 30 feet
thick, built with great skill.
• Engineers raised granite blocks weighing 40 tons to a height of
200 feet, or 20 stories up, before fitting them together.
25 (S): DERINKUYU, TURKEY
• Here was an underground city, burrowing thirteen stories deep
into the earth. There were shops and numerous amenities,
including a sophisticated
• air-conditioning system to every corner of the city at every
level.
• Can you visualize it? Some rooms could hold 60,000 people—
that’s the capacity of a large sports stadium!
• But there’s more. Connecting routes linked at least fourteen
underground cities, housing no less than 1,200,000 people.
26 (S): KLAGENFURT, AUSTRIA
This metropolis of 2,500 years ago had walls 23 feet thick. Actually, its
stone blocks were brought to the summit of the mountain and riveted with
huge slabs of marble.
27 (W): CLUSIUM, ITALY
Here a sepulchre stretching 300 feet on each side contained an extensive
labyrinth, rose 50 feet high and was surmounted by three series of towers;
the total height of the structure was 350 feet. Some tomb.
28 (S): MALTA
• Here titanic monuments confront us, as well as innumerable
tunnels with 3-story underground chambers.
• Temple stone pillars exceeding 16 feet in height; a stone more
than 26 feet long and 13 feet wide; a slab 23 feet long and 10
feet high (and what is visible may weigh nearly 70 tons).
With a history of earthquakes, the Maltese temples have survived
thousands of years.
29 (W): TYRE, LEBANON
Walls 165 feet (or 16 stories) in height.
164
30 (W): NINEVEH, IRAQ
Surrounded by a 60-mile wall 100 feet in height, Nineveh was defended
from 1500 towers.
31 (S): UR, IRAQ
Massive brick buildings and a city wall 80 feet thick!
Is your head in a whirl? Perhaps this is a good time to take three long,
deep breaths. I want you to stay alert; the most astonishing information is
yet to come.
32 (W): BABYLON, IRAQ
• One of the most magnificent and powerful cities ever built,
Babel (Babylon) covered an area of some 150 square miles. All
this was encircled by a wall 30 feet thick and 100 feet high.
• The Marduk Tower, consisting of seven stages (each a different
color) and surmounted by a temple in blue glaze, rose a 30-story
height into the sky. (It took Alexander the Great 600,000
working days just to remove the debris!)
33 (W): RUB EL KHALI DESERT, SAUDI ARABIA
This area of Arabia, known as the Empty Quarter, is a dangerous and
forbidden land, impossible of entry. Thus it remains one of the world’s
great unexplored areas.
Here there once flourished five kingdoms, whose cities boasted
enormous building blocks comparable to those of Baalbek, as well as tall
skyscrapers.
The structures that still exist in cities that can be visited have nine
stories. Arab texts say that these buildings are reduced-scale imitations of
those in the lost cities of the Empty Quarter. Multiple records agree
concerning a super-skyscraper with twenty floors.
34 (S). BAMIAN, AFGHANISTAN
Five statues carved out of the cliff face include one 180 feet tall and
another 125 feet high.
35 (S): INDIA
A slab lying atop a 228-foot pagoda weighs 2,000 tons!
36 (S): QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA
A number of mysterious pyramidal structures here are claimed by
geologists to be natural formations.
These pyramids (often measuring 400 feet high, with four sides each
400 feet long at the base), when arranged on a grid, are found to connect
with one another over distances of some hundreds of square miles.
37 (S): BATHURST (New South Wales), AUSTRALIA
Stone alignments covering several square miles incorporate stones up to
15 feet tall.
38 (S): U.S.A.
• Thousands of giant, geometric earthwork constructions
(platforms for vanished building complexes or cities) are found
throughout the United States. Individually and collectively,
these involved organized labor on a scale even greater than that
needed to build the pyramids or Stonehenge.
• The Cahokia Mound in Illinois (10 stories high) covered 16
acres.
• A mound at Poverty Point, Louisiana (1300 B.C.) is over thirty five times the cubage of the Great Pyramid.
• In Texas, walls 49 feet high, in a buried city of over 4 square
miles, were built in the manner a fine stone mason would use today. The stones appeared to have been bevelled around the
edges.
39 (S): BAHAMAS AREA
A submerged pyramid on the ocean floor has a base 540 feet wide and a
height of about 420 feet.
40 (S): ROCKING STONES, U.S.A.
Believed to have been artificially placed in at least eight locations, these
weigh from 15 to 60 tons.
• One is 45 feet in circumference and 7 feet thick.
• Another, 31 feet around, can be moved by the hand, but six men
with iron bars were unable to throw it off its pedestal.
41 (S). MEXICO
About 1500 B.C., stone blocks of 20 to 50 tons were brought by the
Olmecs 80 miles across a lake.
42 (S): MEXICO (MAYA RUINS)
• Up to eighty geometric stone cities with some buildings 200 feet
high.
• Stones of public buildings sometimes weighing up to 40 tons.
• Carved basalt heads weighing 24 tons.
43 (S): CHOLULA, MEXICO
The pyramid of Quetzalcoatl was 210 feet tall; its 1,150-foot base
covers
30 acres. (That’s almost equal to 16 city blocks.)
44 (S): TIKAL, GUATEMALA
Here one of the steep pyramids, with walls up to 40 feet thick, rises 230
feet in height.
45 (S): AXUM, ETHIOPIA
In this ancient capital, reputed to have been founded by one of Noah’s
grandsons, enormous monoliths (some standing) can still be seen. The
largest, 500 tons in weight, stood 110 feet tall before it collapsed.
46 (S): THEBES, EGYPT
• The temple of Amen, as it stands today, is over one-fifth of a
mile long. (The entire Notre Dame cathedral could fit within
one of its halls.)
• Here rise 78-foot-tall pillars, each as much as 10 feet thick.
• The statue of Ramses II weighed a monstrous 900 tons. It was
57 feet high, with an across-the-shoulders span of 22 feet, while
its big toe was a yard long. Just the toe!
• Two giant statues, each weighing more than 1,500 tons, were
transported from the Red Mountain, a 438-mile distance.
Originally 65 feet high, each was carved from a single block.
• Two obelisks transported 133 miles from Aswan by Queen
Hatshepsut were later broken up by her successor. Each was a
single piece of stone 185 feet (18 stories) tall and weighed 2,400
tons.
47 (W): THE PHAROS, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT
The 440-foot lighthouse on the island of Pharos (constructed of white
marble) projected its light to a viewing distance of 25 miles.
48 (S): PYRAMIDS, GIZA, EGYPT
The largest structure is the Cheops pyramid.
Size
• The Cheops pyramid is 476 feet high, with a base 764 feet, and
covers thirteen acres (an area almost equal to seven city blocks).
The polished limestone facings (now removed) covered 22
acres.
• It is still larger than any modern building. New York’s Empire
State Building is among the very highest erected by modern
man, yet it is only about 2/5 the volume of the Cheops pyramid.
Weight
• The building comprises 2,300,000 blocks, totalling 6,250,000
tons in weight (each stone is 2-1/2 tons). This amounts to more
stone than has been used in all of England’s churches,
cathedrals and chapels built since the time of Christ.
• Covering the “King’s Chamber” are granite slabs of 60 to 70
tons each, brought from a quarry 600 miles away.
• The casing stones (which are still in place on the north face near
the base) each weigh 15 tons.
Accuracy of Construction
• The pyramid is perfectly square to within 3/10,000 percent.
• Although it is constructed of 2,300,000 great blocks put together
without any cement, you still can’t get the thinnest blade of a
knife between them. The joints of the original limestone
casings are “barely perceptible, not wider than the thickness of
silver paper.”3
One of today’s biggest U.S. contractors has stated
that we do not possess any machine capable of making equally
smooth surfaces as those connecting the stones of the pyramids.
They were fitted to an accuracy of 1/100 inch.
• The pyramid is level over an area of 13 acres to within half an
inch.
• It is the world’s most accurately aligned building, true north.
Beauty
• Originally this pyramid had a beautiful covering of glistening
white marble (polished to a mirror like finish) and could he seen
for 50 miles, reflecting the light. It was capped by a golden
point that shot shafts of light back at the sun.
Measurements in its Design
• The pyramid incorporates higher mathematics in its very design,
and advanced scientific knowledge in its measurements. The
relationship of the pyramid’s height to the perimeter of its base
is the same as that between the radius and circumference of a
circle. It thus incorporates the mathematical value known as pi
171
(the constant by which the diameter of a circle may be
multiplied to calculate its circumference)—and it does so
accurately to several decimal places. Its main chamber made
use of several Pythagorean functions not “discovered”
supposedly until thousands of years later.
• It served also as a calendar by which the length of the year can
be measured to the exact minute. And it was as an observatory
from which maps of the stellar hemisphere could be accurately
drawn.
• It is so finely aligned to the North Pole that modern compasses
can be adjusted to it.
• “The measurements of its sides and angles accurately reflect the
geographic measurements of the northern hemisphere, such as
the degree of latitude and longitude, the circumference and
radius of the earth—even accounting for polar flattening. All
this data was not ‘discovered’ until the seventeenth century.”4
• (In the International Geophysical Year in 1958, the exact
dimensions of the earth were determined by satellite, and the
French meter—which is our own standard system of
measurement, supposedly based on the dimensions of the
earth—was found to be incorrect. But more amazingly, the
Egyptian cubit—the unit of measurement used in the pyramid—
was found to be exact. In other words, the cubit fits into the
dimensions of the earth within five decimal places—a rather
startling coincidence.)
Energy Fields
• Cosmic radiation inside the pyramid contradicts every known
law of science and electronics—it implies an advanced
knowledge of electromagnetic forces.
• An energy field radiates from the apex, which prompts us to
wonder why it was built. The mass of evidence suggests that the
major pyramids were not intended to be tombs.5
Speed of Construction
• The pyramid was erected at an incredible speed. Recent
evidence suggests that this enormous structure may have been
built in a fraction of the time generally assumed. It may have
been built in 4 years by just 4,000 workers, laboring only 3
months a year!6 This is a technological feat beyond comparison
172
in the modern world. The supposition that enormous
manpower, inclined planes and rollers were used, must be
discarded. 7
To handle or move one of the blocks might require a
thousand hands (500 men), for whom there would not have been
room around the stone. (Assuming the use of primitive
methods, the block must still be handled, even if only to pass
ropes under it, or to load it onto a barge.) Furthermore,
engineers have estimated that a ramp to service the Cheops
pyramid would finally have had to be a mile long, with a
volume of masonry four times greater than the pyramid itself.
No, that’s not how they built it. I shall reveal the method to you
later in this book.
Almost Indestructible
• In a search for hidden powers and riches, Melik al Aziz, in
1196, employed thousands of workers to pull down the three
Giza pyramids stone by stone. They went at the smallest
pyramid for 8 exhausting months, after which he gave the order
to suspend all work when he saw that the building had scarcely
been touched.
• The pyramids are as strong today as when they were built.
Scientists have conceded that modern man cannot build a great
pyramid that would retain its shape for thousands of years
without sagging under its own weight.
49 (S): THE SPHINX, GIZA, EGYPT
Shaped as a lion with a human face, the mysterious Sphinx was carved
from one piece of solid rock 164 feet long by 75 feet high. Its proportions
are indeed staggering: a 33-foot head, a 7-foot-long mouth, a 6-foot nose
and ears 5 feet long. Bear in mind that the Sphinx was transported here in
one piece!
50 (S): ABU SIMBEL, EGYPT
Far up the Nile, these beautiful isolated twin temples were carved from
the pinkish sandstone cliff.
• They are majestically flanked by four colossal, 67-foot-high figures,
also carved out of the cliff.
• Tunnelling 200 feet inside the cliff, the builders then hollowed out
enormous halls guarded by rows of lesser statues 3 stories high.
• In chamber after chamber are walls adorned with carvings of jewellike beauty.
At any time this is an awesome sight, but at the moment of dawn it is
incredible. When the rising sun tops the mountains across the Nile and
flashes full on the temple frontage, the figure of the sun god seems animated
by sudden light, as though to step forward to greet the morning.
51 (W): THE LABYRINTH, EGYPT
This greatest labyrinth in the world (under the village of Hawara, east of
Lake Moeris) no longer exists. It was designed to baffle and confuse.
• An immense palace 650 by 500 feet contained 12 large
apartments and 3,000 other rooms. “The Labyrinth excels even
the pyramids,” reported Herodotus, in the fifth century B.C.
• Here was an inextricable maze of rooms and passages, in which
one could easily get tired of walking and no stranger could find
his way alone.
• Some of the temples in the complex were so arranged that as
soon as the doors opened a fearful clap of thunder was heard
inside.
52 (S): ALSO IN EGYPT
• At the Serapeum are mighty 65-ton coffins.
• At Tanis lie the remains of a statue 89 feet high. Other pieces of
sculpture found here include an eye over 1 foot 4-1/2 inches
long, and a foot with a big toe 1 foot 11 inches long. “They
thought in terms of men 100 feet tall” (Champollion).8
53 (S): ANGKOR WAT, KAMPUCHEA
An imposing pyramidal temple, so huge that several dozen Greek
temples and the imperial palaces of Rome could all have fit within it, rises
terrace upon terrace by sweeping stone staircases to a sanctuary 200 feet
high, and five watchtowers.
54 (S): GREAT WALL, CHINA
This longest wall ever built (2,200 years old and 1,448 miles) rises 18 to
50 feet above the ground, is wide enough to allow a lane of cars in each
direction.
55 (S): SHENSI PROVINCE, CHINA
The tallest building in the world until this century (and still the most
massive structure on earth) is an ancient pyramid 120 stories high! It stands
on a long, desolate, flat stretch of land about 40 miles west of the ancient
capital Sian-fu, on an old dirt-road caravan trail that crosses from Peking to
the Mediterranean. About 2,000 feet at the base, it rises some 1,200 feet
high.
• There are actually seven pyramids, flat-topped, with three
carved giants resting along the outer edges.
• The four faces of the pyramids are, like so many ancient
structures, aligned to the compass points.
• Traces of color remain on the sides, indicating the colors that
were given to each side: east—aqua green; south—red; west—
black; north—white; and on the flat tops—traces of yellow.
A pair of American adventurers who roamed Asia between the two
world wars, R.C. Anderson and Frank Shearer, were shown these pyramids.
(Anderson visited Egypt’s pyramids in 1970 and believed himself to be the
only man living to have seen both the Chinese and the Egyptian pyramids.)
In 1946, a U.S. Army airplane crew rediscovered and photographed these
pyramids from the air.
Place 26 skyscrapers the size of the Empire State Building and you have
the volume of the largest Shensi pyramid.
156 (S): QUITO, ECUADOR
The Panecillo, a big hill within the city limits of Quito, is of such size
that it was always considered to be natural. Recent investigation, however,
has revealed it to be a giant, unstratified artificial mound 600 feet (or equal
to 60 stories) in height. Already some surprising constructions are coming
to light here.
57 (S,W): SOME SKYSCRAPER-HEIGHT
CONSTRUCTIONS
In China equivalent to 120 stories; Ecuador 60 stories; Egypt 48;
Bermuda seabed 42; Italy 35; Iraq 30; Guatemala 23; India 22; Mexico 21;
Kampuchea 20; Arabia 20; Turkey 20.
One cannot visit places like Baalbek or Thebes without coming away
dazed and amazed. Their size diminishes criticism.
No one has explained how the earliest and smallest populations could
erect the largest architecture.
I ask you then, what kind of people were they who knew so much more
than we do today of engineering, and who constructed giant edifices that
still stand?
We see building blocks weighing 200 tons, which would dwarf the
largest of our modern earth-moving machinery.
How were these fantastic weights lifted to their resting places on top of
great pillars?
If we accept the “block and tackle” explanation in which semi-primitive
men raised 70-ton blocks of granite into the air with ropes of vine, then we
may as well believe that the moon is really made of green cheese.
The arrangement of the blocks themselves even today would be a
difficult task for technicians. It would require, among other things, the use
of reinforced concrete platforms able to support the weight of 40-wheeled
railroad wagons.
It is hard to avoid the conclusion that some form of machining must
have been available, because the work is too precise to have been fashioned
by hand. And massive amounts of power were required. These are
construction miracles that have not been repeated.
Chapter 17
Construction Techniques and House Features
JOURNEY
INTO THE UNEXPECTED
It is a human impossibility,” gasped Hyatt Verrill.1
He’s right.
Yet it happened.
The giant mountains of the Peruvian Andes are awesome enough—until
one gazes up those extremely perilous slopes and perceives death-defying
ruins perched on the summits.
The setting is terrifyingly wild—mountains miles high vanishing into
the sky, notched with narrow ledges, slashed with ravines and bottomless
gorges.
Waterfalls of an awesome beauty plunge from these immaculate snowy
peaks, down into the damp, unknown depths of the canyons.
So rare is the air that even the mules are obliged to stop every ten paces
to catch their breath.
Here, “at the frontiers of the impossible,” a vanished civilization set
gems in stone—astoundingly assembled polygonal walls—suspended over
the abyss.
They carved practically vertical stairways up stupendous precipices.
High in the clouds rises one acrobatic stairway of 64 steps, which had to
be carved in a place where one could get only a toehold for support.
(Another comprises 600 steps.) Imagine it!
These ingenious “jewelers” in rock ascended a dizzying mountain “no
wider than the blade of a sword” and topped it with watchtowers and walls
pierced with lookouts. The mountain drops away so abruptly that if a
workman slipped his body would not be stopped for 3,000 feet.
Today on all sides, the ruins of temples, fortresses and towers surmount
the peaks and cling to the vertical sides of the canyon like ivy. Overlooking
a waterfall, a splendid palace rises above the fierce abyss—impossible to
reach. How was this palace built?
Terraces were miraculously inlaid into vertical slopes, perched over the
canyon fault. How did they hoist up heavy, carved rocks by the thousands?
Site after site is built atop bluffs which are too steep to be accessible.
Many seem to have been literally hurled up as though the monstrous stones
flew there.
A high, carved niche opens out over the abyss. Under a ridge, shaped
like the letter I, the rock was leveled and encrusted with carefully joined
stone cubes. Only a daring mountaineer hanging from a rope could possibly
reach it. The “builder magicians,” I tell you, had no sense of the impossible.
Everywhere loom buildings that defy the laws of equilibrium and
gravity—as well as vertigo.
These are a triumph of human daring and of a technology which almost
smacks of science fiction.
And would you believe, sometimes the enormous blocks were brought
from quarries more than 1,000 miles away!
Many are covered with intricate carvings. No man alive could duplicate
such carvings with the stone tools we find. As Hyatt Verrill remarks, “It is
not a question of skill, patience, time—it is a human impossibility.”2
ANCIENT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
INDIA
1 (S): The Shaking Towers: In Ahmedabad, Gujerat, two minarets, 70
feet tall and 25 feet apart, have a peculiarity that is unique in the world. If a
small group of people sets one tower in motion by a rhythmical to-and-fro
movement, the other tower begins to swing too.
(Secret unknown. The roots of the science behind this are buried deep
in time.)
TIBET
2 (W): Ancient texts record that in very ancient times, the people were
wise and skillful and built “great houses of crystal” (which we may imagine
to be like our skyscrapers).
ANTARCTICA
3 (O): There are traditions of a legendary Rainbow City where the colors
of the rainbow were said to have been used in the construction of the
buildings and even in the paving of the streets.
ROME
4 (W): Glass-storied theater: Emilio Scauro, one of Sulla’s generals,
had a three-floored theater built at Rome for 80,000 spectators: the first floor
of marble, the second floor of glass, and the third floor of gilded wood.
WORLDWIDE
5 (S): Use of concrete (the standard mixture of sand and cement that
makes up most building blocks of today) was evidently worldwide:
• Yaxuna to Coba, Mexico
• Cuicuilo, Mexico
• Guatemala
• Quito, Ecuador
• Cuenca, Ecuador
• Marcahuasi, Peru
. Santa Cruz, Bolivia
• Pompeii, Italy
• Tourette-sur-Loup, France
• Couhard, France
• Crete
• Starveco, Yugoslavia
• Egypt
• Northwest China
• Western Australia
• Arkansas, U.S.A.
• Tennessee, U.S.A.
• New Mexico, U.S.A.
At Marcahuasi, in Peru, cement surfacing of slopes was applied over
round projecting bosses to hold it in place; and applied in sections with cross
lines, to combat the effects of expansion.
Other advanced techniques included the following:
COLOMBIA
6 (S):
A fireproof cement.
YUCATAN, MEXICO
CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.
SEABED, BIMINI
ECUADOR
MALTA
PERU
EGYPT
7 (S): Crystalline-white, flint-like building glue, nearly identical, yet
superior, to “modern” Portland cement (superior in its unique combination
of two qualities: fast-setting speed and exceeding strength).
Recent examination of many prehistoric buildings has led to detection of
this glue.
Traces of iron oxide rust where the glue grips the stonework suggest that
iron oxide was added to the cement. Iron oxide grows fingers or hairs at
high speed to form a fast-setting, tenacious interlocking network.
PERU
8
(S): Building blocks held together not by mortar but by melted gold
and bitumen.
MACHU PICCHU, PERU
9 (S): Future separation of blocks prevented by alternating a polyhedron
with a rectangular stone equipped with a hookstone, making a series of keys.
KLAGENFURT, AUSTRIA
10 (S): Huge slabs of marble riveting the stone blocks.
TIAHUANACO, BOLIVIA
PACHACAMAK, PERU
11 (S): Enormous copper clamps; silver bolts 1/2 to 3 tons in weight;
gold nails weighing a ton, used to fasten the masonry.
PERU
TAHITI
12 (S): A softening procedure for hard rock, enabling it to receive hand
or foot imprints by pressure only, as though the granite was putty soft.
EGYPT
13 (S): A large chest hollowed out of a single block of red granite by
drilling and chipping; the hardest stone known (diorite) shaped as easily as
butter.
The machinery, the cutting tools and the power applied to operate them
are still unknown.
Working extremely hard substances was something we could not have
done until the development of diamond drills in 1878.
SEABED, BIMINI
(but now raised into jetty material at Fort Lauderdale, Florida)
14 (S): Perfectly drilled five-pointed star holes with sharply defined tips
cut right through 12-foot long blocks of granite; other huge 1 / 2 to 6-inch
diameter round holes perfectly drilled through 12-foot thick blocks.
(Granite, one of the most abrasive stones, wears expensive diamond drill
bits down to nothing very quickly.)
TURKEY
15 (S): Boring of holes finer than the thinnest needle in a block of hard
stone.
EGYPT
16 (S): Boring into granite rock with drills that turned 500 times faster
than modern power drills.
PERU
TIBET
EGYPT
SUDAN
17 (S): Outer walls sheeted in gold, silver, polished marble, or sparkling
white gypsum.
PERU
ECUADOR
MEXICO
18 (S): Granite building blocks smoothly polished like glass.
Practically all buildings of antiquity have been stripped of their outer
shiny surfaces, so that today we see only the raw stonework.
SYRIA
BABYLON
MEXICO
SUMERIA
19 (S): Plaster-coated surfaces.
TIBET
BABYLON
20 (S): Decorated enamel or blue porcelain walls.
CHINA
BABYLON
EGYPT
MEXICO
21 (S): Multicolor surfaces on building exteriors.
BRAZIL
22 (S): The use of different-colored stones in the approach steps to
buildings.
PERU
23 (S): Steps polished like glass.
TIAHUANACO, BOLIVIA
24 (S): Color-decorated pillars.
GREECE
PERU
25 (W): Hydraulic gates (opened by means of a complicated jet of
water).
CRETE
ETRUSCANS, ITALY
26 (W): Hydraulic lifts.
Essential to the support of a highly technological society must have been
the use of massive water storage dams of “modern” strength. The enigma
was, vestiges of these appeared not to exist.
As I sought for evidence, the question kept emerging: Had river
rampages obliterated all trace?
Recently, one solution to this mystery fell open in quite a bizarre
manner.
ARKANSAS, U.S.A
27 (S): Carpet Rock, an area an acre or so in size, which recently split
off the Petit Jean mountainside, has a curved grid of ironwork running all
through it that gives it the carpet appearance.
Examination, however, shows it to be reinforced concrete, with the steel
gridwork still intact and little rusted (surprising, until you realize that it was
sealed from oxidation until splitting off the cliff only recently).
The whole cliff (Carpet Rock and Petit Jean) is thus seen to be one vast
concrete pour, very, very old. It was the spillway of a vast dam which must
have contained the White River and the Arkansas River in one great
impounded lake.
Does this sound like the work of semi-primitive men who had to use
stone tools, horses and vine ropes? No. The early builders obviously had
sophisticated techniques.
In later times, methods became more basic and building less ambitious.
The earlier apparatus fell into disuse, gradually disintegrated and was
ultimately lost to memory.
FEATURES OF HOUSES
INDUS VALLEY, PAKISTAN
IGURAT, SYRIA
UR, IRAQ
28 (S): Two- and three-story dwellings.
TYRE, LEBANON
KNOSSOS, CRETE
CARTHAGE, TUNISIA
ARIZONA, U.S.A.
29 (S): Houses of five and six stories.
PAKISTAN
BABYLONIA
30 (S): Expert construction in bricks similar to ours heated to about 900
degrees.
ROMAN EMPIRE
31 (W): Sheet-glass windowpanes.
YUGOSLAVIA
32 (S): Cement floors, carefully laid out in large slabs.
CRETE
OKLAHOMA, U.S.A.
33 (S): Inlaid mosaic-tile floors.
ISRAEL
34 (W): Floors covered in gold.
CATAL HUYUK, TURKEY, 3000 B.C.
35 (S): Carpets of so high a quality that they compare favorably with the
most modern woven ones.
CRETE
TURKEY
THERA
SUMERIA
36 (S): Wall and ceiling frescoes engendering a feeling of a room, not of
wood and stone, but of light and color.
PERU
37
(S): Interior walls faced with red stucco varnished.
PERU
ISRAEL
MEXICO
39 (W): Houses “wallpapered” with thin sheets of beaten gold.
ECUADOR
PERU
40 (S): Wallpaper of sheet gold, silver and “aluminum”; every square
inch decorated with intricate designs, figures and scenes, in huge rolls
artfully riveted together.
(Today, rolls of this are being torn by Indian artifact hunters from the
interior walls of long-abandoned, vinechoked buildings in the inaccessible
eastern jungle of Ecuador. If only one could glimpse these ancient buildings
before they are all stripped!)3
ROMAN EMPIRE
41 (W): “Unbreakable” glass walls and floors.
ISRAEL
PERU
42 (W,O): Doors overlaid with copper or gold.
CUZCO, PERU
43 (S): Solid gold guttering.
BAALBEK, LEBANON
44 (S): Rain-gutter water gushing from rows of beautiful carved lion
heads in a symbolic roar.
ROMAN EMPIRE
45 (S): Indirect lighting.
CRETE, 1500 B.C.
46 (S): Subtle interior lighting in living rooms and underground vaults.
SAFLIENI, MALTA
KNOSSOS, CRETE
DERINKUYU, TURKEY
47 (S): Air-conditioning through filtered air shafts and double
isothermic walls.
(In Derinkuyu, there was a city thirteen stories deep in the earth, all
served with even temperature!)
CHAVIN DE HUANTAR, PERU
48 (S): An incredible ventilation system, where each floor had its own
ventilation, although the building had neither doors nor windows apart from
the entrance.
EGYPT
49 (S): Air-conditioning and humidity elimination by ventilation shafts.
KOREA, 2000 B.C.
ROMAN EMPIRE
CRETE
ETRUSCANS, ITALY
50 (S): Central heating circulated by means of under-floor vents.
ECUADOR
51 (S): Heavy-walled bronze pipes with a small internal passageway and
a thick outer wall—closely resembling modern high-pressure gas pipes
(being recovered in the jungle by the thousands).
BYZANTIUM
52 (W): Oil heating.
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.
53 (S): Internal steam heat.
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.
54 (S): Heated indoor aviaries.
Fig. 17-4. Roll of gold wall covering personally dug up by Father Crespi who has a museum
in Cuenca, Ecuador. Because gold and silver wall-coverings have intrinsic value they are
usually melted into lumps by Indians.
PAKISTAN, 2500 B.C.
CRETE
PERU
POMPEII, ITALY
55 (S): A highly efficient piped water supply.
ROME
56
(S): Hot water on tap.
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.
57 (S): Running water, hot and cold, and indoor plumbing.
MOHENJO-DARO, PAKISTAN
58 (S): En suite running water, bathroom and lavatory with each
bedroom (even on the upper floors).
HARAPPA and MOHENJO-DARO, PAKISTAN
IGURAT, SYRIA
CHAN CHAN, PERU
59 (S): Tiled bathrooms with piped hot and cold water.
KNOSSOS, CRETE, 2000 B.C.
60 (S): Apartments (beautifully decorated with frescoes of dolphins and
nude girls) containing flush toilets with a central system of ceramic pipes
and stone drains.
ROMAN EMPIRE
61 (W): Flush toilets
ETRUSCANS
POMPEII, ITALY
PAKISTAN
TEL ASMAR,
IRAQ
CRETE
COPAE, GREECE
PERU
62 (S): A sewage system from each house, as good as that of the present
day.
INDUS VALLEY, PAKISTAN
63 (S): Rubbish disposal chutes from each house.
BRAZILIAN JUNGLE
IGURAT, SYRIA
CUZCO, PERU
64 (S): Garden fountains faced with stone tiles and iridescent displays
(The iridescent displays were reported in Cuzco by the Spanish conquistadors when they came upon the Inca empire to ruin it.)
Chapter 18
Town Planning and Social Organization
PERFUME
PLEASE, THE GAME STINKS!
During peak hours some street arteries are changed to one-way traffic.
Arm-waving policemen stand on duty to cope with congestion. Street
signs…No Parking signs…A permanent colored strip set directly into the
paved road to divide the two lines of traffic.
A congested twentieth century metropolis? Perhaps. But you could also
be standing in old Babylon—Nineveh—Aztec Mexico—or very ancient
Italy.
And there are more surprises.
PAKISTAN, 2500 B.C.
GUATEMALA
BABYLON
1 (S): A system of town planning with straight streets and rectangular
blocks.
PERU
2 (S): Cities planned with admirable geometric beauty and regularity of
patterns.
D
TOLTECS, MEXICO
3 (W): Building projects covering 400-years-ahead planning.
(At
present no country in the world has any planning for centuries into the
future.)
PAKISTAN
GUATEMALA
BABYLON
4 (S): Wide main streets like modern boulevards.
MEXICO
MARCAHUASI PLATEAU,
PERU
CRETE
IGURAT, SYRIA
5 (S): City streets of concrete or flagstones, with parallel drains—and
even covered, paved roads.
PERU
6
(O): City roads paved with pure silver.1
ANTIOCH, SYRIA
WEST IRIAN
7 (W): Street lighting.
INDUS VALLEY, PAKISTAN
MEXICO
8 (S): An efficient drainage system, with pipes and drains under every
street.
POMPEII, ITALY
9 (S): Lead water pipes.
CUZCO, PERU
10 (S): Pipes lined with gold or silver.
TIAHUANACO, BOLIVIA
11 (S): Precision-designed, intricately cut water conduits and overflow
pipes (of modern design), with gradient.
PERU
12 (S): A system of canals and stone-lined gutters tunnelled from one
terrace to the next, distributing water to all levels, before emptying the
excess into a long sink.
(The sink, following an adequate slope, thus prevented seepage and
saturation by excess water, which would otherwise have undermined the
terraces.)
The whole complex indicates precise calculation of water
drainage.
IGURAT, SYRIA
13 (S): City water supply channelled into town along fine stone canals.
ROME
14 (S): An aqueduct system with a structured plan of anticorrosive,
antifriction bronze valves, pumps and fittings constructed to modern
standards; so solidly built that it is still in use; it could supply water so
rapidly that a whole arena could be filled deep enough to float ships for
naval battles during brief intermissions between entertainments.
TIGRiS VALLEY, IRAQ
CRETE, 2000 B.C.
ETRUSCANS, ITALY
15 (S): Sanitary facilities with twentieth century style coupling pipes;
each house connected to the major city sewage system.
MOHENJO-DARO, PAKISTAN
16 (S): A network of canals, pipes and sewers, with inspection
peepholes, ingeniously devised.
CRETE
17 (S): Mantraps for inspection and repair.
COPAE, GREECE
18 (S): Deep rock-cut air shafts connected to fifty branches of a gigantic
sewer-to-the-sea network. (This is an achievement beyond the capabilities
of classical or modern Greece.)
PAKISTAN
ISFAHAN, PERSIA
PERU
EGYPT
19 (S,W): Heated public baths.
MAYAN CITIES,
GUATEMALA
MINOS PALACE,
CRETE
SOME ASIATIC SITES
20 (S): Hot and cold water fountains bordering main streets.
PERU
21(S): Fine, multicolored jets of water spouting from drilled cavities of
a public building.
POMPEII, ITALY
22 (W): On hot days, showers of scented water were sprayed over seated
sports crowds.
CENTRAL AMERICA
23 (S): Fun-fare contrivances, such as seats suspended from the top of a
high mast, which spun around in the air.
SUMERIA
PERU
24 (S): Graves brick-lined, stone-lined. In Peru, grave entrances often
covered with a sheet of silver.
SUMERIA
CHALDEA
PERU
25 (W): A formal system of school education, under a specialized
faculty.
ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT
26 (W): A library incorporating a university and research institute, with
faculties of medicine, mathematics, astronomy, literature and other subjects;
also a chemical laboratory, astronomical observatory, anatomical theatre for
operations and dissections, and a botanical and zoological garden—
instructing 14,000 pupils.
BABYLON
27 (S): Business tycoons dictated letters to secretaries. (Occasionally
these have been found, unopened.)
UR, CHALDEA
MOHENJO-DARO, PAKISTAN
INCAS, PERU
28 (S): Business transactions recorded and statistics kept.
CARTHAGE, TUNISIA
29 (W): Floating of joint-stock companies and issuing of public loans.
AZTECS, MEXICO
ISRAEL ROMAN EMPIRE
INCAS, PERU
30 (W): Census taking.
NEXT 211
Engineering—FORBIDDEN TUNNELS
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