Part 10 of 10 The One World Tartarians The Greatest Civilization Ever to Be Erased From History... Insane Insane Asylums of the 19th Century ...The Destruction of Great Tartary

The One World Tartarians 

The Greatest Civilization 

Ever to Be Erased From History

James W. Lee

Chapter 20 

Insane Insane Asylums 

of the 19th Century 

The overall question is “Did the NWO take over Tartarian buildings and then use them to kill off the people of Tartary around the world after committing them to converted insane asylums. The evidence appears conclusively likely! Remember, that according to Mr. Fomenko, his-story does not begin until the beginnings of the elimination of Tartary in 1200 AD. In London, England, the Priory of Saint Mary of Bethlehem, which later became known more notoriously as Bedlam, was founded in 1247. In Spain, other such institutions for the insane were established after the Christian Reconquista; facilities included hospitals in Valencia (1407), Zaragoza (1425), Seville (1436), Barcelona (1481) and Toledo (1483). In Britain at the beginning of the 19th century, there were, perhaps, a few thousand “lunatics” housed in a variety of disparate institutions; but, by the beginning of the 20th century, that figure had grown to about 100,000. This growth coincided with the development of alienism, now known as psychiatry, as a medical specialty. 

By the end of the 19th century, national systems of regulated asylums for the mentally ill had been established in most industrialized countries. At the turn of the century, Britain and France combined had only a few hundred people in asylums, but by the end of the century this number had risen to the hundreds of thousands. The United States housed 150,000 patients in mental hospitals by 1904. Germany housed more than 400 public and private sector asylums. These asylums were critical to the evolution of psychiatry as they provided places of practice throughout the world. 

Throughout the asylums worldwide we see familiar patterns of incredible Tartary architecture with many asylums having farms and livestock and cemeteries and crematories. Another main theme is most of these structures became “overcrowded” up through the beginnings of the 20th century, so more asylums were needed, yet the population numbers at the time do not justify the immense size of the buildings or number of people they claim were committed. In California, at the very onset of the California Gold Rush of 1849, we see several insane asylums said to be erected to house those deemed insane as early as 1851, even though California’s population in no way justified the immense size and scope of these structures. 

The other blatantly obvious note is that these immense insane asylums nearly look identical all around the world in what they call “Gothic” and “Roman” architecture. 

The Hospital de los Inocentes (Hospital of the Innocents) was the first asylum in Europe founded in Valencia, Spain in 1410 stands out due to its originality and there are historic and cultural reasons to recognize its primacy. Furthermore, the organization and functioning of this institution and the model, spread like wildfire through the entire Iberian Peninsula during the 15th Century and shortly after through American Spanish speaking countries. In 1512 the Council of the city of Valencia decided to unite all the hospitals of the city in one «Hospital General»and to extend the coverage to all kind of patients and all types of forsaken. The hospital was destroyed by a fire in 1545. 

The Bethlem Royal Hospital 

Britain, England 1676 

Bethlem Royal Hospital, also known as St Mary Bethlehem, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam, is a psychiatric hospital in London. Its famous history has inspired several horror books, films and TV series, most notably Bedlam, a 1946 film with Boris Karloff. The hospital is closely associated with King’s College London and, in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, is a major centre for psychiatric research. Originally the hospital was near Bishopsgate just outside the walls of the City of London where the NWO bankers reside. Already in 1632 it was recorded that Bethlem Royal Hospital, London had “below stairs a parlor, a kitchen, two larders, a long entry throughout the house, and 21 rooms wherein the poor distracted people lie, and above the stairs eight rooms more for servants and the poor to lie in”. 

St Luke’s Hospital for Lunatics was founded in London in 1751 for the treatment of incurable pauper lunatics by a group of philanthropic apothecaries and others. It was the second public institution in London created to look after mentally ill people, after the Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlem (Bedlam), founded in 1246. 

Ipswich Hospital, Australia 

for the Insane 1878 

Australia Originally built as a benevolent asylum, the Ipswich site never fulfilled this purpose. Chronic overcrowding at Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum dictated that the new facility at Ipswich could provide a solution to this problem.  

USA Insane Asylums of the 19th Century

 

Friends Asylum

McLean Hospital

Many of the more prestigious private hospitals tried to implement some parts of moral treatment on the wards that held mentally ill patients. But the Friends Asylum, established by Philadelphia’s Quaker community in 1814, was the first institution specially built to implement the full program of moral treatment. 

Bloomingdale Insane Asylum

Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital 

Massachusetts General Hospital built the McLean Hospital outside of Boston in 1811; the New York Hospital built the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum in Morningside Heights in upper Manhattan in 1816; and the Pennsylvania Hospital established the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital across the river from the city in 1841. Thomas Kirkbride, the influential medical superintendent of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, developed what quickly became known as the “Kirkbride Plan” for how hospitals devoted to moral treatment should be built and organized. By the 1890s, however, these institutions were all under siege. Economic considerations played a substantial role in this assault. Local governments could avoid the costs of caring for the elderly residents in almshouses or public hospitals by redefining what was then termed “senility” as a psychiatric problem and sending these men and women to state-supported asylums. Not surprisingly, the numbers of patients in the asylums grew exponentially. By the 1870s virtually all states had one or more such asylums funded by state tax dollars. 

The McLean Asylum was founded in 1811 in a section of Charlestown, Massachusetts that is now a part of Somerville, Massachusetts. Originally named Asylum for the Insane, it was the first institution organized by a group of prominent Bostonians who were concerned about homeless mentally ill persons “abounding on the streets and byways in and about Boston”. The effort was organized by Rev. John Bartlett, chaplain of the Boston Almshouse. The hospital was built around a Charles Bulfinch mansion, which became the hospital’s administrative building; most of the other hospital buildings were completed by 1818. 

Bloomingdale Insane Asylum 1821 The Bloomingdale Insane Asylum (1821–1889) was a private hospital for the care of the mentally ill that was founded by New York Hospital. It occupied the land in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan where Columbia University is now located. The road leading to the asylum from the thriving city of New York (at the time consisting only of lower Manhattan) was called Bloomingdale Road in the nineteenth century, and is now called Broadway.

Kirkbride Insane Asylums (1844) 

The Kirkbride model was designed by Thomas Story Kirkbride, an asylum superintendent and one of the founders of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Asylums for the Insane, the precursor to the American Psychiatric Association. Kirkbride’s book, On the Construction, Organization and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane, published in 1854, became the standard resource on the design and management of asylums in the mid to late 19th century. The Kirkbride plan consisted of a linear design with a central administration building and long wings on either side that radiated off the center building. 

Danvers State Hospital(Mass)

Hudson River State Hospital(N.Y.)

Taunton State hospital(Mass.)

 Buffalo State hospital

This design allowed for “maximum separation of the wards, so that the undesirable mingling of the patients might be prevented.” The wings also allowed for separation of male and female patients, and for separation of patients based on the severity of their illnesses. Dr. Kirkbride was also heavily involved in civic affairs within the city of Philadelphia itself, as well as that of the commonwealth. He was a member of the College of Physicians, the Philadelphia County Medical Society, the Franklin Institute, the Historical Society of Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society, and an honorary member of the British Medico-Psychological Association. 

Greystone State Hospital(N.J)

Worcester State Hospital(Mass)

In 1844, Dr. Kirkbride was one of the original thirteen members who founded the ‘Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane’ (AMSAII), serving as its secretary from 1848 to 1855, its vice-president from 1855 to 1862, and finally, as its president from 1862 to 1870.  

S. Carolina State Hospital

 Northampton State hospital(Mass)

Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases, was a psychiatric hospital located at 48th and Haverford Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 

St. Vincent's(St.Louis)

St Elizabeth State Hospital(Wash DC)

It operated from its founding in 1841 until 1997. In the winter of 1841, nearly 100 mentally ill patients of Pennsylvania Hospital were slowly transferred in carriages from the bustling city streets at 8th and Spruce Streets to a new, rural facility especially prepared for their care. The hospital awaiting them offered a treatment philosophy and level of comfort that would set a standard for its day. Known as The Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, it stood west of Philadelphia, amidst 101 acres of woods and meadows. 

Trenton State Hospital(NJ)

 Dayton State Hospital(Ohio)

Two large hospital structures and an elaborate pleasure ground were built on a campus that stretched along the north side of Market Street, from 45th to 49th Streets. Thomas Story Kirkbride, the hospital’s first superintendent and physician-in-chief, developed a more humane method of treatment for the mentally ill there, that became widely influential. The hospital’s plan became a prototype for a generation of institutions for the treatment of the mentally ill nationwide. The surviving 1859 building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. 

Waverly Hills Sanatorium(Louisville)

Athens Mental Hospital(Ohio)

Oregon State Hospital  

Unlike other asylums where patients were often kept chained in crowded, unsanitary wards with little if any treatment, patients at the Pennsylvania Asylum resided in private rooms, received medical treatment, worked outdoors and enjoyed recreational activities including lectures and a use of the hospital library. The facility came to be called “Kirkbride’s Hospital. Overcrowding had become a problem in the original Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane by the 1850s, so Kirkbride lobbied the Pennsylvania Hospital managers for an additional building. But by the mid-20th century, the 1841 hospital building proved unusable for this purpose and was demolished in 1959.  

New Hampshire State Hospital

Orillia Asylum(Ontario Can.)

California Insane Asylums So the story goes… 

The Insanity Law of 1897 created the State Commission on Lunacy which was given authority to see that all laws relating to care and treatment of patients were carried out and to make recommendations to the Legislature concerning the management of hospitals for the insane. The 1897 law provided that each hospital should be controlled by a board of managers of five members appointed by the Governor for four-year terms. The Lunacy Law reforms passed allowed no insane persons to be associated with criminals, no open court hearings, judge not required to assess detainees Institutions named Hospitals instead of asylums.         

Stockton State Hospital

Stockton State Hospital or the Stockton Developmental Center was California’s first psychiatric hospital. The Hospital opened in 1851 in Stockton, California and closed 1995-1996. The site is currently used as the Stockton campus of California State University, Stanislaus. It was on 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land donated by Captain Charles Maria Weber. The legislature at the time felt that existing hospitals were incapable of caring for the large numbers of people who suffered from mental and emotional conditions as a result of the California Gold Rush, and authorized the creation of the first public mental health hospital in California. On May 17, 1853 the Stockton General Hospital changed its name to the Insane Asylum of the State of California. 

They even had created a female insane building! The “Female Department, Stockton State Hospital, Stockton.” Stockton State Hospital was California’s first state psychiatric hospital, established in 1853. It was closed in 1996 and has since been converted into a campus for California State University. 

Sonoma Developmental Center

Sonoma Developmental Center 1891 It opened at its current location on November 24, 1891, though it had existed at previous locations in Vallejo and Santa Clara since 1884. The facility’s current name dates from 1986 and was originally named The California Home for the Care and Training of Feeble Minded Children in 1883. The Home had primarily four types of residents: the mentally handicapped, the epileptic, the physically disabled, and the “psychopathic delinquent.” From almost the start, the Home was overcrowded.

1889 Agnews State Hospital now Santa Clara 

University Jesuit School Santa Clara, CA 

Agnews State Hospital

Today known as the world famous Sun Microsystems Developmental Center. In 1885 the Agnews Residential Facility was established by the California State Legislature as a neuropsychiatric institution for the care and treatment of the mentally ill. Agnews, opened in 1889, was the third institution in the state established for the mentally ill. Twenty-one years later, the greatest tragedy of the 1906 earthquake in Santa Clara County took place at the old Agnews State Hospital. The multistory, unreinforced masonry building crumbled, killing over 100 patients. 

The Institution was then redesigned in, what was then, a revolutionary cottage plan spreading the low-rise buildings along tree-lined streets in a manner that resembled a college campus. Now at the center of the Sun Microsystems/Agnews complex is the Clock Tower Building (formerly the Treatment Building) with its massive symmetrical clock tower. In the 1906 earthquake, the main treatment building collapsed, crushing 112 residents and staff under a pile of rubble. The victims were buried in a mass grave on the asylum cemetery grounds. The Institution was then redesigned with low-rise buildings that resembled a college campus. 

Patton State Hospital 

Patton State Hospital 

The hospital was first opened in August 1, 1893. In 1927 it was renamed Patton State Hospital after a member of the first Board of Managers, Harry Patton of Santa Barbara. In 1889 the California legislature approved the construction of Patton in order to provide care to those deemed mentally ill in southern California. The Grand Lodge of the Free and Accepted Masons of California laid the cornerstone of the original building on December 15, 1890. 

At the time of its establishment, Patton was seen as a state-of-the-art mental healthcare facility designed along the Kirkbride plan; a popular plan for large asylums in the 19th century. The Kirkbride, as the main building was called, was an elaborate and grandiose structure with extensive grounds which was meant to promote a healthy environment in which to recover. There are approximately 2,022 former patients buried in a field with a dirt road that runs up to it. These were patients whose bodies were left unclaimed or whose families were unknown. Today it is well marked as cemetery ground and there is a mass grave marker dedicated to the patients which can be seen approximately 50 yards from the street. The grounds are located inside the property fence in the north-west corner. The cemetery was full by 1930. 500 Patients with Underground Railroad..What? 

Napa State Insane Asylum Hospital

So the Story goes… The Napa State Insane Asylum Hospital was housed primarily in the four-story, stone, castle-like, Gothic structure complete with seven towers. The towers were visible from rooftops in downtown Napa. According to the hospital’s website, the facility was built to ease overcrowding at the Stockton Asylum, the first state hospital. Construction started in 1872, and the first two patients, from San Francisco, were admitted in 1875, taking only 3 years to build this incredible complex of stone, iron and glass. The original design was for a 500-bed hospital! The population peaked in 1960 with more than 5,000 residents but has declined steadily over the years due to changes in treatment and admitting criteria. The towers were visible from rooftops in downtown Napa. The website advises that initially 192 acres were purchased from a land grant owned by General Mariano Vallejo. Eventually, through land acquisition, the acreage would total more than 2,000 acres. It stretched from the Napa River to the ridgeline east of today’s Skyline Park. n the beginning, it was the Napa Insane Asylum, and early maps marked its location with the words “Insane Asylum.” Later, the name was changed to Napa State Hospital, but, to local citizens, it was called Imola. The striking stone castle was razed in the early 1960s and replaced by ho-hum, unimpressive buildings of a design prevalent at that time. 

So they are telling us the massive Gothic Structure aka Tartarian Moors building, with seven towers was designed to house just 500 mentally insane people because there was an overflow in Stockton’s Insane asylum 200 miles to the south of Napa! And that they had a fully functioning farm with a railroad system underneath!!! 

The cremated remains of as many as 5,000 Napa State patients are buried in a mass grave at Inspiration Chapel on Napa-Vallejo Highway, McQueeney said. From the early to mid-1920s through the early 1960s, patients no longer were buried on hospital grounds, and no bodies were ever exhumed from Napa State grounds, he said. Because burial acreage was limited, an on-site crematorium was built at Napa State in the mid-1920s and was in use until sometime in the 1960s.

Burying and Burning the Evidence 

Judy Zervas was on a wild goose chase, one that led her to a seemingly empty field on the sprawling grounds of Napa State Hospital. Zervas, a Riverside resident who dabbles in genealogy research, began searching this summer for the grave site of Henry Shippey, a distant cousin who died in 1919. Zervas saw the initials “NSH” on the section of Shippey’s death certificate that indicated his burial site, but she wasn’t sure what the letters meant.“ I asked a friend about it, who said, ‘What about the state hospital?’” she said. Zervas contacted Napa State Hospital to ask where her relative was buried, and said that her request initially was met with “a royal run-around.” 

Her search ended when Napa State staff gave her access to a death ledger started in 2002 by state hospital patient advocates. The ledger, part of what’s known as the California Memorial Project, lists the names of some 45,000 people who lived and died on 10 hospital grounds around the state. Used as a cemetery for indigent patients from about 1875 through the early 1920s, an eastern portion of the campus holds 4,368 bodies, said Deborah Moore, Napa State’s public information officer. Live oaks grace the site — trees that were probably there when the last Napa State patient was buried there around 1924. Although it was once dotted with wooden grave markers, today an outbuilding and a calf barn that hasn’t been used for decades sit atop the seemingly empty field. So now we learn that the cemetery held 4,368 bodies, their were 5,000 cremated and 45,000 died on State Hospital grounds in California, yet the peak of the occupancy rate of patients in 1960 was said to be only 5,000 from originally 500 people! As you will see below many of these massive buildings had cemeteries and crematories onsight, as well as farms. These were likely used to house the Tartarians before killing them after they had been separated from their children well up until the 1930’s. 

Mendocino State Asylum for the Insane, was established in 1889. On December 12 1893, the Hospital was finished and opened to patients, receiving 60 from Napa State Hospital this same day. Two days later, 60 more arrived from Stockton State Hospital and on March 25th, 30 came from Agnews State Hospital, bringing the population to 150. So, too much overcrowding in Napa & Stockton asylums so this was needed!?! The original main building, completed in 1893, was razed in 1952. 

Chapter 21 

The Destruction of Great Tartary 

The Great Purging 1840’s – 1930’s 

Morey/Tesla Technology: Star Wars Now 

And the Story Goes… In the 1930’s Nikola Tesla announced bizarre and terrible weapons: a death ray, a weapon to destroy hundreds or even thousands of aircraft at hundreds of miles range, and his ultimate weapon to end all war -- the Tesla shield, which nothing could penetrate. However, by this time no one any longer paid any real attention to the forgotten great genius. Tesla died in 1943 without ever revealing the secret of these great weapons and inventions. 

Scalar Potential  interferometer

In the pulse mode, a single intense 3-dimensional scalar phi-field pulse form is fired, using two truncated Fourier transforms, each involving several frequencies, to provide the proper 3-dimensional shape. After a time delay calculated for the particular target, a second and faster pulse form of the same shape is fired from the interferometer antennas. The second pulse overtakes the first, catching it over the target zone and pair-coupling with it to instantly form a violent EMP of ordinary vector (Hertzian) electromagnetic energy. There is thus no vector transmission loss between the howitzer and the burst. Further, the coupling time is extremely short, and the energy will appear sharply in an “electromagnetic pulse (EMP)” strikingly similar to the 2-pulsed EMP of a nuclear weapon. 

This type weapon is what actually caused the mysterious flashes off the southwest coast of Africa, picked up in 1979 and 1980 by Vela satellites. The second flash, e.g., was in the infrared only, with no visible spectrum. Super lightning, meteorite strikes, meteors, etc. do not create this effect. In addition, one of the scientists at the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory observed a wave disturbance -- signature of the truncated Fourier pattern and the time-squeezing effect of the Tesla potential wave -- traveling toward the vicinity of the explosion. With Moray generators as power sources and multiply deployed reentry vehicles with scalar antennas and transmitters, ICBM reentry systems now can become long range “blasters” of the target areas, from thousands of kilometers distance . Literally, “Star Wars” is liberated by the Tesla technology. And in air attack,jammers and ECM aircraft now become “Tesla blasters.” With the Tesla technology, emitters become primary fighting components of stunning power. 

Directed Energy Weaponry (DEW) with precision to take down world towers in 10.3 seconds and saw homes in half surgically. 

Buried Boneyards 

Known as the ‘Catacombs of Paris’, over 6 million skeletons lay beneath the streets of Paris, France. Some 200 miles of labyrinthine tunnels are believed to exist. Despite the vast length of the tunneled, underground world, only a small section of it is open to the public. This tiny portion (under 1 mile), known as Denfert-Rochereau Ossuary, has become one of the top tourist attractions in Paris. The official story for so many bones buried was that the Parisian Cemeteries were flooded and overcrowded, yet the population statistics of that time do not support the narrative. Additionally, there are only Skulls and Femurs buried there. It is no coincidence that the Yale Universities Secret Societies, that former President George Bush Sr. was a member, is also called “Skull and Bones”. 

Taking the Paris population numbers into consideration, how do we get 6,000,000 dead people? Even if they had 250,000 people dying in Paris every 33 years for 500 years straight, we would only end up with 4,500,000. 

Brno Ossuary is an underground ossuary in Brno, Czech Republic. It was rediscovered in 2001 in the historical centre of the city, partially under the Church of St. James. It is estimated that the ossuary holds the remains of over 50,000 people which makes it the second-largest ossuary in Europe, after the Catacombs of Paris. The ossuary was founded in the 17th century and was expanded in the 18th century. It’s been opened to public since June 2012. 

Monastery of San Francisco Catacombs beneath the church at the Franciscan Monastery in Lima, Peru, there is an ossuary where the skulls and bones of an estimated 70,000 people are decoratively arranged. Long forgotten, the catacombs were rediscovered in 1943 and are believed to be connected via subterranean passageways to the cathedral and other local churches. 

A bubonic plague allegedly flourished in the crowded streets of London. Over 15% of London’s population was wiped out between 1665 and 1666 alone, or some 100,000 people in the space of two years. But where did all these bodies go? The answer: in tens, if not hundreds of plague pits scattered across the city and the surrounding countryside. The majority of these sites were originally in the grounds of churches, but as the body count grew and the graveyards became overcharged with dead, then dedicated pits were hastily constructed around the fields surrounding London. 

Wall Street Literally Built 

on the Back of Slaves Bones 

Wall Street and much of this city’s renowned financial district were built on the burial ground of Africans. New York’s prosperity stems in large part from the grotesque profits of the Africans and African enslavement. This is the inescapable conclusion one draws from the evidence presented in a major exhibition on “Slavery in New York,” which opened here Oct. 7 and runs through March 5. Hosted by the New-York Historical Society, the exhibition is the most impressive display ever mounted on slavery in the Empire State and in New York City in particular. Below Trinity Church, Sara Roosevelt Park, close to the financial centre at Wall Street, extending past Broadway, southward under New York’s City Hall, and reaching almost to the site of the World Trade Centre on Manhattan’s southwestern tip, was the area used two hundred years ago to bury New York City slaves. 

Blakey and his forensic archeological team, using lesion morphology and DNA samples, found a story of enslaved who were forced to engage in backbreaking and excessive labor. Bone fragments and skeletons mirrored a “work to the death” culture. Most skeletons were of people under the age of 30 who had injuries that reflected harsh labor condition comprising: compressed spinal cords, severs muscle tears, bone tears, osteoporosis, and crippling arthritis. One woman was found with a musket ball lodged in her cranium. Women were found with their hands folded which was a colonial marking that she was with child. New York became a very significant seaport and harbor for the Atlantic slave trade. As many as 20% of colonial New Yorkers were enslaved Africans. New York gained stature and commerce based on trafficking of human beings—those human being found below the surface New York’s crowded streets. 

Destruction of Tartaria’s Structures 

SEE PAGE 293-94 ON SCROLL AT LINK

Reichstag Fire ‘put Hitler in Power’ 

Destruction of Churches Continues To this Day 

Only one year after a devastating fire engulfed Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, the fire that broke out in the Gothic St Peter and St Paul Cathedral, in Nantes, western France, on Saturday morning has raised alarm bells about the security of France’s 150 cathedrals and 45,000 churches. 

Tartarian Genocide On A Mass Scale ~ A Brief History 

The Great Fire of London swept through the central parts of the city from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall. It destroyed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul’s Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the city’s 80,000 inhabitant. By the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants. The relationship was often tense between the City and the Crown. The City of London had been a stronghold of republicanism during the Civil War (1642–1651), and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II, as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660. The 18-foot (5.5 m) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno. 

Garry Kasparov ‘s essay “Mathematics of the Past” Kasparov (the chess whiz) is a huge fan of Fomenko and New Chronology. I found his essay a few days after my simple population math. His essay uses inferences used by other historians to estimate the population of the “ancient” Roman empire using data (the size of Rome’s army) from Edward Gibbon’s monumental 18th-century work The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. The population of “ancient” Rome was likely somewhere between 20 and 50 million. Kasparov writes, “According to J.C. Russell, in the 4th century, the population of Western Roman Empire was 22 million (including 750 000 people in England and five million in France), while the population of the Eastern Roman Empire was 34 million. 

Kasparov writes: 

“It is not hard to determine that there is a serious problem with these numbers. In England, a population of four million in the 15th century grew to 62 million in the 20th century. Similarly, in France, a population of about 20 million in the 17th century (during the reign of Louis XIV), grew to 60 million in the 20th century ... and this growth occurred despite losses due to several atrocious wars. We know from historical records that during the Napoleonic wars alone, about three million people perished, most of them young men. But there was also the French Revolution, the wars of the 18th century in which France suffered heavy losses, and the slaughter of World War I. By assuming a constant population growth rate, it is easy to estimate that the population of England doubled every 120 years, while the population of France doubled every 190 years. Graphs showing the hypothetical growth of these two functions are provided in Figure 1. According to this model, in the 4th and 5th centuries, at the breakdown of the Roman Empire, the (hypothetical) population of England would have been 10,000 to 15,000, while the population of France would have been 170,000 to 250,000. However, 286 The One World Tartarians according to estimates based on historical documents, these numbers should be in the millions. It seems that starting with the 5th century, there were periods during which the population of Europe stagnated or decreased. Attempts at logical explanations, such as poor hygiene, epidemics, and short lifespan, can hardly withstand criticism. In fact, from the 5th century until the 18th century, there was no significant improvement in sanitary conditions in Western Europe, there were many epidemics, and hygiene was poor. Also, the introduction of .rearms in the 15th century resulted in more war casualties. According to UNESCO demographic resources, an increase of 0.2 per cent per annum is required to assure the sustainable growth of a human population, while an increase of 0.02 per cent per annum is described as a demographic disaster. There is no evidence that such a disaster has ever happened to the human race. Therefore, there is no reason to assume that the growth rate in ancient times differed significantly from the growth rate in later epochs.” 

Kasparov also doubts the ancientness of “ancient” Rome because of the difficulty of mathematical calculations using Roman numerals:”The Roman numeral system discouraged serious calculations. How could the ancient Romans build elaborate structures such as temples, bridges, and aqueducts without precise and elaborate calculations? The most important deficiency of Roman numerals is that they are completely unsuitable even for performing a simple operation like addition, not to mention multiplication, which presents substantial difficulties.” 

Webster’s Oxford Dictionary, many important notions from history, religion and science were for the first time used in written English. One can clearly see that ‘the whole antique cycle appears in the English language in the middle of the 16 century as well as the concept of antiquity. We can see some terms about science - ‘almagest’, ‘astronomy’, ‘astrology’, etc. begin in the 14th or 15th century. If we look for antiquity, ‘Etruscan’ was named in 1706 for the first time, ‘Golden Age’ in 1505, so think about what this means.: 

Almagest 14th century * History 14th century *Antique 1530 century * Iberian 1601 * Arabic 14th century * Indian 14th century * Arithmetic 15th century * Iron Age 1879 * Astrology 14th century * Koran 1615 * Astronomy 13th century *Mogul 1588 * August 1664 *Mongol 1698 *Bible 14th century * Muslim 1615 *Byzantine 1794 * Orthodox 15th century * Caesar 1567 *Philosophy 14th century * Cathedral 14th century *Platonic 1533 * Catholic 14th century * Pyramid 1549 * Celtic 1590 * Renaissance 1845 * Chinese 1606 * Roman 14th century *Crusaders 1732 * Roman law 1660 *Dutch 14th century * Russian 1538 * Education 1531 * Spanish 15th century * Etruscan 1706 * Swedish 1605 * Gallic 1672 * Tartar 14th century * German 14th century * Trojan 14th century * Golden age 1505 * Turkish 1545 * Gothic 1591 * Zodiac 14th century 

The third plague pandemic was a major bubonic plague pandemic that began in Yunnan, China, in 1855 during the fifth year of the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing dynasty.[1] This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents, and ultimately led to more than 12 million deaths in India and China, with about 10 million killed in India alone. 

Technological Genocide? 

Throughout this book I have shown the many instances of Tartary control and mastery of the water, air and Earth. The technology we have today was also available to them, and more. We have seen millions and millions of bones buried under cities, and beautiful Tartarian buildings destroyed without trace. Fire could not bring down stone and iron, unless the buildings were already electrified and advanced technologies “flipped” the highly focused laser directed energy frequencies to bring down the buildings, like what took down the World Trade Centers. We can see patents from 1904 using energy to create electromagnetic rail guns and, certainly Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) were likely used as well. 

Another question has to be asked, is what happened to the tons and tons of rubble that would have been accumulated, such as after the World Fairs. Again, fire is said to be the causal factors, yet like at the Chicago World Fair, the lands became a park as did the same after the San Francisco Pan-Pacific Exhibition of 1915, which is now the SF Marina and Chrissy Field, unless it was pulverized and then used as land fill and such? 

So what happened to the possible billions of Tartaria people? Were star forts built to not only heal but energetically protect them from the NWO genocidal agendas while keeping the structures in place and still viable? 

There is also hard evidence of DEW weapons patented in 1904. The oldest electromagnetic gun came in the form of the coilgun, the first of which was invented by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland at the University of Kristiania (today Oslo). The invention was officially patented in 1904, although its development reportedly started as early as 1845. According to his accounts, Birkeland accelerated a 500-gram projectile to 110 mph. 

The Great American Holocaust and 

the Jesuit “Reduction” Movement 

By the end of the 16th century the Jesuits had already started a worldwide missionary enterprise which spanned India, Japan, China, the Congo, Mozambique and Angola to Brazil, Peru, Paraguay and central Mexico. The presence of the Jesuits in Latin America dates back to 1549, when the first missionaries arrived in Brazil along with the governor Tomé de Souza. Through the centuries Jesuits reached not only South and Central America but also Africa, Asia, North America and Canada, building churches, schools and hospitals, running farms and estates, but also, most importantly, proselytizing among native populations. Education and spiritual guidance have always been central to the Jesuit approach to evangelism. 

David Edward Stannard (born 1941) is an American historian and Professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii. He wrote “American Holocaust; The Conquest of the New World” in 1992. He chronicles that the genocide against the Native Black Moor population was the largest genocide in history. The extermination of the Black Moors went roaring across two continents non-stop for four centuries and consuming the lives of countless tens of millions of people. While acknowledging that the majority of the indigenous peoples fell victim to the ravages of European disease, he estimates that almost 100 million died in what he calls the American Holocaust. 

After initial contact with the Jesuits, the story goes that small pox and other diseases brought over from Europe caused the deaths of 90 to 95% of the native population of the in the following 150 years. 

Introduced at Veracruz by Cortez’s Spanish Army in 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520, possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán (the heartland of the Aztec Empire) alone, and aiding in the victory of Hernán Cortés over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521. 

In their newly acquired South American ‘dominions’, the Jesuits had adopted a strategy of gathering native populations into communities what is now called “Indian reductions”. The objectives of the reductions were to subjugate the Natives to exploit slave labor of the native indigenous inhabitants while also imparting Christianity and European culture. Secular as well as religious authorities created “reductions” aka genocide, keeping only those necessary for Jesuit needs of service. Reductions generally were also construed as an instrument to make the Black Moors adopt European lifestyles and values and ‘reduce’ their influence in their native lands.

The Great Fire of New York of 1776 was a devastating fire that burned through the night of September 20, 1776, and into the morning of September 21, on the West Side of what then constituted New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan.[1] It broke out in the early days of the military occupation of the city by British forces during the American Revolutionary War. The fire destroyed about 10 to 25 percent of the buildings in the city. 

The 1835 Great Fire of New York was one of three fires that rendered extensive damage to New York City in the 18th and 19th centuries. The fire occurred in the middle of an economic boom, covering 17 city blocks, killing two people, and destroying hundreds of buildings. At the time of the fire, major water sources including the East River and the Hudson River were frozen in temperatures as low as –17 °F (–27 °C). Firefighters were forced to drill holes through ice to access water, which later re-froze around the hoses and pipes. Attempts were made to deprive the fire of fuel by demolishing surrounding buildings, but at first there was insufficient gunpowder in Manhattan. Later in the evening, U.S. Marines returned with gunpowder from the Brooklyn Navy Yard and began to blow up buildings in the fire’s path. An investigation found that a burst gas pipe, ignited by a coal stove, was the initial source; no blame was assigned. The fire covered 13 acres (53,000 m2 ) in 17 city blocks and destroyed between 530 and 700 buildings. 

The Great New York City Fire of 1845 broke out on July 19, 1845, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The fire started in a whale oil and candle manufacturing establishment and quickly spread to other wooden structures. It reached a warehouse on Broad Street where combustible saltpeter was stored and caused a massive explosion that spread the fire even farther. The fire destroyed 345 buildings in the southern part of what is now the Financial District.

The Great Boston Fire of 1872 was Boston’s largest fire, and still ranks as one of the most costly fire-related property losses in American history. The fire was finally contained 12 hours later, after it had consumed about 65 acres (26 ha) of Boston’s downtown, 776 buildings and much of the financial district. In 1852, Boston became the first city in the world to install telegraph-based fire alarm boxes. The boxes served as a fire warning system. If the lever inside of the alarm box was pulled, the fire department was notified, and the alarm could be traced back to the box via a coordinate system so that firefighters were dispatched to the correct location. All of the fire alarm boxes were kept locked from the system’s installation in 1852 until after the Great Fire of 1872 to prevent false alarms. A few citizens in each area of Boston were given a key to the boxes, and all other citizens had to report fires to the key-holders who could then alert the fire department. Gas supply lines connected to streetlamps and used for lighting in buildings could not be shut off promptly. The gas still running through the lines served as fuel to the fire. Many of Boston’s gas lines exploded due to the fire. 

*****

According to the narrative above, the Great Fire of Boston went only 12 hours, took out 776 (get it 1776..Boston!) and much of the financial district and the fire departments were notified by telegraph to the fire stations by those who had keys to the telegraph based fire alarm systems and responded with horse and buggy in just 20 minutes! And much of Boston was fed by gas lines connected to streetlamps… Oh Really?

San Francisco Earthquake 1906 & Fire… 

See page 302 @ the link for DEW Comparisons

Tartary Genocide in Russia ~ 

40-100 million Killed from 1920 - 1945 

Soviet Famine 1921–1922 

There was a famine in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921 to 1922 as a result of war communist policy. The famine deaths of 2 million Tatars in Tatar ASSR and in Volga/Ural region in 1921–1922 was catastrophic as half of Volga Tatar population in USSR died. This famine is also known as “terror-famine” and “famine-genocide” in Tatarstan. The Soviets settled ethnic Russians after the famine in Tatar ASSR and in Volga-Ural region causing the Tatar share of the population to decline to less than 50%. All-Russian Tatar Social Center (VTOTs) has asked the United Nations to condemn the 1921 Tatarstan famine as Genocide of Muslim Tatars. The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan has been compared to Holodomor in Ukraine. 

Soviet famine of 1932–33 was a major famine that killed millions of people in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia. The exact number of deaths is hard to determine due to a lack of records. Stalin and other party members had ordered that kulaks were “to be liquidated as a class” and so they became a target for the state. The richer, landowning peasants were labeled “kulaks” and were portrayed by the Bolsheviks as class enemies, which culminated in a Soviet campaign of political repressions, including arrests, deportations, and executions of large numbers of the better-off peasants and their families in 1929–1932. The Holodomor moryty holodom, ‘to kill by starvation’, was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. It is also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, and sometimes referred to as the Great Famine or the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33. It was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country. During the Holodomor, millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine. Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by Ukraine and 15 other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government. Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials varied greatly. According to higher estimates, up to 12 million[15] ethnic Ukrainians were said to have perished as a result of the famine.

The Carpet Bombing over and over 

and over by US Allies in 1945 

After the Tartarian defeat, all the ancient buildings “destroyed by wars” were miraculously “rebuilt” from the years “1870s” by nonexistent architects whose portraits are a pastiche. Fantasies like “was destroyed by fire in 1895 and rebuilt in 1901” are written to hide the advanced and superior technology present in the constructions of Tartary long before the 9th century. Some wars, bombings, or great fires of the past may be historical falsehoods, repeated in 3 different layers like 1776, 1812 and 1870s. In Dresden, for example, there would have been a battle in 1813, revolts that damaged the city in 1848 and 1863, and severe bombing in February 1945. According to Official History, 90% of the city center was destroyed. But this is not entirely true. The main buildings of the old citadel were spared.[Eisenhower should have been charged as a war criminal for what he did AFTER Germany's surrender dc] 

There was a selective bombing that targeted residential dwellings as well as factories and military facilities. Dresden was a huge Star Fortress and capital of the Free State of Saxony, which did not obey to the “Pope” and to the new emperors. The region had been entirely colonized by Aryan and housed over 600,000 war refugees whom the Invaders had an interest in exterminating. Dresden was an important economic center, with 127 factories and military facilities that could house 20,000 people. The city’s skyline continues exactly as it was in the 1800s and probably still draws energy from the ether. But the ancient inhabitants were gone to give place to the invaders. This building in Dresden, for example, is a huge Tartarian power station, transformed into a mosque by Grey Men acting on behalf of Invading NWO Parasites. Even so, it still retains the red and white colors of Tartary that designated the main function of these structures. 

As an American prisoner of war, Kurt Vonnegut witnessed the firebombing of Dresden, Germany in 1945 from the cellar of a slaughterhouse, an experience he later recounted in his most celebrated novel, “Slaughterhouse-Five.” described the event as “the greatest massacre in European history.” A four-night aerial bombing attack by the Americans and British dropped more than 3,900 tons of explosives on the city. Mr.Vonnegut described the scene afterward as resembling “the surface of the moon.” There were so many corpses, he wrote, that German soldiers gave up burying them and simply burned them on the spot with flame-throwers.

see more had to be DEW PICS @ PAGE 306 on the scroll at the link below

Appendix I 

Tartarian Architecture 

Worldwide aka Gothic/ Renaissance 

Argentina 

Cathedral of Bariloche 

Cathedral of La Plata 

Cathedral of Luján 

Cathedral of Mar del Plata 

Australia 

Government House, Sydney 

Scots’ Church, Melbourne 

Vaucluse House Sydney Regency Gothic. 

Sydney Conservatorium of Music, the old Government stable block. 

Government House, Sydney 

St. Andrew’s Cathedral, Sydney 

St. Mary’s Cathedral, Sydney 

Sydney University, the main building, commenced 1850s, extended 20th century 

St Patrick’s Cathedral, Melbourne 

St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne 

Melbourne University – Main Building, Newman College and Ormond College 

The Collins Street group in Melbourne – Rialto buildings, Former Stock Exchange, Gothic Bank, Goode House and Olderfleet buildings and Safe Deposit Building 

St David’s Cathedral, Hobart 

Government House, Hobart 

Perth Town Hall 

Newington College, founders block 

 Church of the Apostles, Launceston 

Austria 

Votivkirche, Vienna, 1856–79 

Rathaus, Vienna, 1872–83 

New Cathedral (Cathedral of the 

Immaculate Conception), Linz, 1862–1924 

Vier-Evangelisten-Kirche, Arriach,

Johanneskirche, Klagenfurt 

Evang. Kirche, Techendorf 

Evangelische Kirche im Stadtpark, Villach 

Nikolai-Kirche, Villach 

Filialkirche hl. Stefan, Föderlach (Wernberg) 

Marienkirche, Berndorf, Lower Austria 

Bründlkapelle, Dietmanns 

Sisi Chapel located in the Sievering area of the Viennese district of Döbling near the Vienna Woods 

Saint John the Evangelist church Aigen, Upper Austria 

Pfarrkirche, Bruckmühl, Upper Austria 

Evang. Pfarrkirche A.B., Steyr, Upper Austria 

Pfarrkirche Mariä Himmelfahrt, 

Mauerkirchen, Upper Austria 

Filialkirche Heiliges Kreuz Friedhof, 

Münzbach, Upper Austria 

Barbados 

Parliament of Barbados, west-wing 

completed 1872, east-wing in 1873. 

Belgium 

Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend 

Maredsous Abbey, 1872–1892 

Loppem Castle, 1856–1869 

Church of Hunnegem, paintings 1856–1869 

Basilica of Our Lady, Dadizele, 1857–1867[citation needed] 

Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, 1899–1908 

Church of Our Lady of Laeken, Brussels, 1854–1909 

Mesen castle, Lede. 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Cathedral of Jesus’ Heart, Sarajevo 

Cathedral of Jesus’ Heart, Sarajevo 

Brazil 

Church of Our Lady of Purification, Bom Princípio, 1871 

Sanctuary of Our Lady Mother of 

Humanity (Caraça), Minas Gerais, 1876 

Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, 

Rio de Janeiro, 1886 

Cathedral of Our Lady of Exile, Jundiaí, 1890 

Cathedral of Santa Teresa, Caxias do Sul, 1899 

Crypt of São Paulo 

Cathedral St. Peter of Alcantara 

Cathedral, Petrópolis, 1884–1969 

Church of Saint Peter, Porto Alegre, 1919 

Cathedral of Our Lady of Boa Viagem, Belo Horizonte, 1923 Church of Santa Rita, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro 

Church of The Holy Sacrament and 

Santa Teresa, Porto Alegre, 1924

São Paulo Sé Cathedral (Catedral da Sé de São Paulo), 

São Paulo, 1912–1967 

Premonstratensian Seminary Chapel, 

Pirapora do Bom Jesus, 1926 

Sanctuary of Santa Teresinha, Taubaté, 1929 

São João Batista Cathedral (Catedral São João Batista), Santa Cruz do Sul, 1928–1932 

Church of Our Lady of the Glory, Sinimbu, 1927 

Basilica of Santo Antonio, Santos, 1929 

Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary, Caieiras, 2006 

Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary of Fatima, 

Embu das Artes, São Paulo, 2004 

Canada 

Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Ontario 

Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Ontario, 1878 

Notre-Dame Basilica, Montreal, Quebec, 1829 

St. James’ Cathedral, Toronto, Ontario, 1853 

Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 

St. John’s, Newfoundland, 1847–85 

Church of Our Lady Immaculate, Guelph, Ontario, 1888 

Currie Hall, Royal Military College of Canada, 

Kingston, Ontario, 1922 

College Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (1913) 

Little Trinity Anglican Church, 1843, 

Toronto, Ontario – Tudor Gothic revival 

Church of the Holy Trinity (Toronto), 1847, Toronto, Ontario 

St. Dunstan’s Basilica 1916, Charlottetown, PEI 

Hart House at the University of Toronto, 

1911–1919, Toronto, Ontario 

1 Spadina Crescent, at the University of Toronto, 

Toronto, Ontario, 1875 

Burwash Hall at Victoria University in the 

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario 

Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, St. John’s 

St. Patrick’s Church, St. John’s 

St. Peter’s Cathedral (London), London, Ontario, 1885 

St. Patrick’s Basilica, Montreal, Montreal, 1847 

Ottawa Normal School, Ottawa, Ontario, 1874 

St. Patrick’s Basilica (Ottawa), Ottawa, Ontario, 1875 

First Baptist Church (Ottawa), Ottawa, Ontario, 1878 

Confederation Building (Ottawa), Ottawa, Ontario, 1931 Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal 

St. Michael’s Basilica, Chatham, New Brunswick

St. Mary’s Basilica (Halifax), 

Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, 1899 

St. Michael’s Cathedral, Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 1845 

Church of the Redeemer (Toronto), Toronto, Ontario, 1879 St. James Anglican Church, Vancouver, British Columbia 

Bathurst Street Theatre, Toronto, Ontario, 1888 

Bloor Street United Church, Toronto, Ontario, 1890 

Casa Loma, Toronto, Ontario, 1914 

Chile 

Federico Santa María Technical University, Valparaíso 1931 

Church of the Sacred Heart, Valparaíso 

Church of the Twelve Apostles, Valparaíso, 1869 

Vergara Hall (Venetian Gothic), Viña del Mar, 1910 

China 

Sacred Heart Cathedral, Canton, China, 1863–1888 

Church of the Saviour, Beijing, China 

St. Ignatius Cathedral, Shanghai, China 

Cathedral of St Joseph, Chongqing, China 

Sacred Heart Cathedral, Jinan, China 

Saint Dominic’s Cathedral, Fuzhou, China 

Sacred Heart Cathedral, Shengyang, China 

St. John’s Cathedral, Hong Kong, China 

St. Theresa’s Cathedral, Changchun, China 

National Shrine and Minor Basilica of 

Our Lady of Sheshan, Shanghai, China 

Xizhimen Church, Beijing, China 

Croatia 

Castle Trakošćan, 1886 

Hermann Bollé, Monumental cemetery 

Mirogoj, Zagreb, 1879–1929 

Hermann Bollé, Zagreb cathedral, 1880- 

Costa Rica 

Iglesia de Coronado, San Jose 

Saint Venceslav Cathedral in Olomouc,  

Czech Republic 

Basilica of St Peter and St Paul, Prague 

Completion of St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague, 1870–1929 Completion of Saint Wenceslas cathedral, 

Olomouc, 1883–92 

Hluboká Castle 

Herholdt’s Copenhagen University Library (1861)

Denmark 

St. Ansgar’s Cathedral, Copenhagen (1840–42) 

University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1835 

Copenhagen University Library, Copenhagen, 1857–61 

St. John’s Church, Copenhagen, 

Nørrebro, Copenhagen, 1861 

St. James’s Church, Østerbro, Copenhagen, 1876–78 

Church of Our Lady, Aarhus, 1879–80 

St. Alban’s Church, Copenhagen, 1885–87 

Equatorial Guinea 

St. Elizabeth’s Cathedral, Malabo, 1897–1916 

Cathedral of Santa Isabel of Malabo 

Finland 

St. Henry’s Cathedral, Helsinki, 1858–1860 

Ritarihuone, Helsinki, 1862 

Heinävesi Church, Heinävesi, 1890–1891 

St. John’s Church, Helsinki, 1888–1893 

Mikkeli Cathedral, Mikkeli, 1896–1897 

Joensuu church, Joensuu, 1903 

Basilica of St. Clotilde in Paris, France 

France 

Temple Saint-Étienne, Mulhouse 

Basilica of St. Clotilde, Paris 

Église Saint-Ambroise (Paris) 

Église Saint-Georges, Lyon 

Jesuit Church, Molsheim 

St. Paul’s Church, Strasbourg 

Basilica of the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes 

Germany 

New Town Hall in Munich, Germany 

Nauener Tor, Potsdam, 1755 

Gothic House, Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, 1774 

Friedrichswerdersche Kirche, Berlin, 1824–30 

Castle in Kamenz (now Kamieniec Ząbkowicki in Poland), 1838–65 

Burg Hohenzollern, 1850–67 

Completion of Cologne Cathedral, 1842–80 

New Town Hall, Munich, 1867–1909 

St. Agnes, Cologne, 1896–1901

Hungary 

Sacred Heart Church, Kőszeg 

Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest 

Matthias Church, Budapest 

India 

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai 

San Thome Basilica, Chennai, India 

St Paul Cathedral, Kolkata, India 

Kolkata High Court, Kolkata, India 

Mutiny Memorial, New Delhi, India 

St. Stephen’s Church, New Delhi, India 

Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari, India 

Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai, India 

Mount Mary Church, Bandra, Mumbai, India 

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai, India 

University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India 

Bombay High Court, Mumbai, India 

Wilson College, Mumbai, India 

David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, India 

St. Philomena’s Church, Mysore, India 

Medak Cathedral. Medak. (Telangana). (India) 

Indonesia 

Church of our Lady Assumption, Jakarta 

Church of our lady Assumption, Jakarta, Indonesia 

(Locally known as Gereja Katedral Jakarta) 

Ursula Chapel, Jakarta, Indonesia 

Church of the birth of our Lady Mary, Surabaya, Indonesia 

St. Peter’s Church, Bandung, Indonesia 

St. Joseph’s Church, Semarang, Indonesia 

St. Fransiskus Chapel, Semarang, Indonesia (located at Ordo St. Fransiskus (OSF) Cloister) 

St. Mary the Virgin Church, Bogor, Indonesia 

Regina Pacis Chapel, Bogor, Indonesia 

Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Malang, Indonesia (Locally known as Gereja Kayutangan) 

Sayidan Church, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 

Ireland 

St John’s Cathedral, County Limerick, 1861 

St. Eunan’s Cathedral, Letterkenny, County Donegal, 

Saint Finbarre’s Cathedral, Cork, 1870 

Saints Peter and Paul’s Church, Cork, 1866

St Mary’s Cathedral, Killarney, County Kerry, 1842–55 

St. Aidan’s Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County Wexford, 1843 

St Mary’s Cathedral, Tuam, County Galway, 1878 

St. Mary’s Cathedral, Kilkenny, County, Kilkenny, 1857 

Italy 

Liguria 

Castello d’Albertis, Genoa.

Chiesa di San Teodoro, Genoa, 1870 

chiesa protestante di Genova, Genoa. 

chiesa anglicana All Saints Church, 

Bordighera, in the Province of Imperia. 

chiesa di Santo Spirito e Concezione, Zinola/Savona, 1873 

Piedmont 

Castello di Pollenzo, Brà (near Cuneo), Piedmont. 

Chiesa di Santa Rita, Turin, early 20th century. 

Borgo Medioevale, Turin. 

Tempio Valdese, Turin, 1851–53 

Veneto 

Caffè Pedrocchi (or Pedrocchino), Padua, 

mixed parts of gothic and classical styles. 

Molino Stucky, Venice. 

chiesa di San Giovanni Battista, San Fior, in 

the Province of Treviso, 1906–1930 

Palazzetto Stern, Venice. 

Villa Herriot, Venice. 

Casa dei Tre Oci, Venice. 

Trieste 

Chiesa Evangelico Luterana, Trieste, 1871–74 

Notre Dame de Sion, Trieste, 1900 

Tuscany 

Florence Cathedral, the facade only. 

Chiesa del Sacro Cuore (Livorno), Livorno (Leghorn), 1915 

Palazzo Aldobrandeschi, Grosseto, 1903 

chiesa Valdese, Florence. 

chiesa Episcopale Americana di Saint James, 

Florence, early 20th century. 

Tempio della Congregazione Olandese Alemanna, 

Livorno, 1862–1864 

Lazio 

Chiesa di Santa Maria del Rosario in Prati, Rome, 1912–16 

Church of Sacro Cuore del Suffragio, Rome, 1917

chiesa del Sacro Cuore, Grottaferrata, in the Province of Rome, 1918–1928 

Chiesa Anglicana Episcopale di San Paolo 

entro le Mura, Rome 

Chiesa di Ognissanti (chiesa anglicana di Roma), 

Rome, 1882 

Molise 

Santuario dell’Addolorata, Castelpetroso, 1890–1975 

Campania 

Chiesa di Santa Maria stella del mare, 

Naples, early 20th century. 

Castello Aselmeyer, Naples. 

Anglican Church of Naples, Naples, 1861–1865 

Chiesa Luterana, Naples, 1864 

Sardinia 

City Hall (Cagliari), Cagliari, 1899 

Sicily 

Chiesa di Santa Maria della Guardia, Catania, 1880 

chiesa anglicana di Palermo, Palermo, 1875 

Japan 

Ōura Church, Nagasaki 

Korea 

Cathedral Church of the Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception, Myeongdong 

Chunghyeon Church, Seoul[7] 

Lithuania 

Church in Švėkšna 

Beržėnai Manor 

Belltower of the Church of St. Anne in Vilnius 

Chapel in Rasos Cemetery 

Church of the Ascension of Christ in Kupiškis 

Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Palanga 

Church of the Assumption of the 

Blessed Virgin Mary in Salantai 

Church of the Birth of the 

Blessed Virgin Mary in Nemunaitis 

Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary 

of the Scapular in Druskininkai 

Church of St. Anne in Akmenė 

Church of St. Anthony of Padua in Birštonas 

Church of St. Casimir in Kamajai 

Church of St. James the Apostle in Švėkšna 

Church of St. John the Baptist in Ramygala 

Church of St. Joseph in Karvis 

Church of St. George in Vilkija 

Church of the Name of Blessed Virgin Mary in Sasnava

Church of the Holy Trinity in Gruzdžiai 

Church of the Holy Trinity in Jurbarkas 

Church of the Holy Trinity in Pabiržė 

Church of the Holy Trinity in Tverečius 

Church of St. Matthias in Rokiškis 

Church of St. Matthew the Apostle in Anykščiai 

Church of St. Stanislaus the Bishop in Kazitiškis 

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Juodkrantė 

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Nida 

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Šilutė 

Lentvaris Manor 

Paliesiai Manor 

Raduškevičius Palace 

Raudone Castle 

Tyszkiewicz family Mausoleum and Chapel in Kretinga 

Malaysia 

St Michael’s Institution, Ipoh, Malaysia 

St. Xavier Church, Malacca, Malaysia[8] 

Holy Rosary Church, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia[9] 

Mexico 

Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City 

Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zamora, Michoacán 

Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral 

Palacio de Correos de Mexico 

La Parroquia Church of St. Michael the Archangel, 

San Miguel de Allende 

Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento, Jalisco 

Templo Expiatorio del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, 

León, Guanajuato 

Parroquia de San Jose Obrero, Arandas Jalisco 

Myanmar 

St. Mary Cathedral, Yangon, Myanmar 

Holy Trinity Cathedral, Yangon, Myanmar 

St. Joseph Church, Mandalay, Myanmar 

New Zealand 

Christchurch Cathedral 

Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. 

(Benjamin Mountfort architect) 

Christchurch Arts Centre, Christchurch (Mountfort) 

Christchurch Cathedral, Christchurch 

(George Gilbert Scott and Mountfort) 

Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings, 

Christchurch (Mountfort) 

Christ’s College, Christchurch, Christchurch 

Victoria Clock Tower, Christchurch (Mountfort)

Dunedin Town Hall, Dunedin, 1878–1880. (Robert Lawson) 

First Church, Dunedin 1867–1873. (Lawson) 

Knox Church, Dunedin 1874-1876.(Lawson) 

Larnach Castle, Dunedin, 1867–1887. (Lawson) 

Old St. Paul’s, Wellington (Frederick Thatcher) 

St. Joseph’s Cathedral, Dunedin, 1879-1886.(Francis Petre) 

Otago Boys’ High School, Dunedin 1883–1885. (Lawson) 

Seacliff Lunatic Asylum, Dunedin, 1884–1887. (Lawson) 

University of Otago Clocktower complex, 

Dunedin, 1878–1922. (Maxwell Bury)

University of Otago Registry Building, 

Dunedin, 1879–1922. (Bury) 

Lyttelton Timeball Station, Lyttelton. (Thomas Cane) 

Norway 

Oscarshall, Oslo, 1847–1852 

Sagene Church, Oslo, 1891 

Tromsø Cathedral, in wood, Tromsø, Norway, 1861 

Pakistan 

Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan 

Cathedral Church of the Resurrection, Lahore, Pakistan 

St. Patrick Cathedral, Karachi, Pakistan 

St Andrew’s Church, Karachi, Pakistan 

Philippines 

San Sebastian Church, Manila, 1891 

St. Anne’s Parish Church / Molo Church, Iloilo, 1795 

Montserrat Abbey San Beda University, Manila, 1926 

Archdiocesan Shrine of Espiritu Santo, 

Santa Cruz, Manila, 1932 

Ellinwood Malate Church, Malate, Manila, 1936 

Manila Central United Methodist Church, 

Ermita, Manila, 1937 

Iglesia ni Cristo Lokal ng Washington, 

Sampaloc, Manila, 1948 

Knox United Methodist Church, Santa Cruz, Manila, 1953 

Poland 

19th-century palace in Opinogóra 

houses the Museum of Romanticism. 

Gothic House in Puławy, 1800–1809 

Potocki mausoleum located 

at the Wilanów Palace, 1823–1826 

Lublin Castle, 1824–1826 

Krasiński Palace in Opinogóra Górna, 1828–1843 

Kórnik Castle, 1843–1861 

Blessed Bronisława Chapel in Kraków, 1856–1861

Collegium Novum of the Jagiellonian University

in Kraków, 1873–1887 

Karl Scheibler’s Chapel in Łódź, 1885–1888 

Cathedral in Siedlce, 1906–1912 

Temple of Mercy and Charity in Płock, 1911–1914 

Russia 

The Grand Palace in Tsaritsyno 

Gothic Chapel, Peterhof 

Chesme palace church (1780), St Petersburg 

Tsaritsyno Palace, Moscow 

Nikolskaya tower of Moscow Kremlin, Moscow 

St. Mary Cathedral, Moscow 

St. Andrew’s Anglican Church, Moscow (1884) 

TSUM, Moscow 

Singapore 

St Andrew’s Cathedral on North Bridge Road, Singapore Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary 

on Serangoon, Singapore 

Spain 

Astorga Episcopal Palace, Astorga 

Casa de los Botines, León 

Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 

San Cristóbal de La Laguna 

Facade and spire of Cathedral of Santa Eulalia, Barcelona 

Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor, on Tibidabo hill, Barcelona 

Gothic Quarter, Barcelona 

Sobrellano Palace, Comillas 

Cathedral of María Inmaculada of Vitoria 

Butrón Castle 

San Sebastián Cathedral 

Sweden 

Neo gothic buildings erected during 19th or 20th century 

St. John’s church, Stockholm 

St. Peter and St. Sigfrids anglican church, Stockholm 

Gustavus Adolphus church, Stockholm 

Oscar church, Stockholm 

St. George’s greek orthodox cathedral, Stockholm 

Nacka church, Nacka, Stockholm 

Gustavsberg church, Gustavsberg, Stockholm 

Taxinge church, Taxinge 

Matthew’s church, Norrköping 

Oscar Fredrik’s church, Gothenburg

Örgryte new church , Gothenburg 

St. John church, Gothenburg 

St. Andrew’s anglican church, Gothenburg 

Gustavus Adolphus’s church, Borås 

Trollhättan church, Trollhättan 

Smögen church, Smögen 

Lysekil church, Lysekil 

Rudbeck school, Örebro 

Olaus Petri church, Örebro 

Åtvid new church, Åtvidaberg 

Kristinehamn church, Kristinehamn 

Luleå cathedral, Luleå 

Umeå city church, Umeå 

Gustavus Adolphus’s church, Sundsvall 

Oviken new church, Oviken 

Church of all saints, Lund 

the University Library, Lund 

Cathedral School, Lund 

Norra Nöbbelöv church, Lund 

Eslöv church, Eslöv 

Svedala church, Svedala 

Billinge church, Billinge 

Källstorp church, Källstorp 

Asmundtorp church, Asmundtorp 

Nosaby church, Nosaby 

Österlöv Church, Österlöv 

Östra Klagstorp church, Östra 

Klagstorp Sofia church, Jönköping 

Arlöv church, Arlöv, Malmö 

Bunkeflo church, Bunkeflo, Malmö 

Limhamn church, Limhamn, Malmö 

Gustavus Adolphus’s church, 

Helsingborg Helsingborg court house, 

Helsingborg Gossläroverket (Grammar School for boys), 

Helsingborg Medieval and other buildings 

influenced by neo gothic renovation 

St. Nicolai church, Trelleborg Floda church, Flodafors 

Uppsala cathedral, Uppsala Skara Cathedral, Skara 

Linköping Cathedral, Linköping 

St. Nicolai church, Örebro 

Klara church, Stockholm 

Riddarholmen church, Stockholm 

Malmö court house, Malmö

Ukraine 

St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev 

Roman Catholic Cathedral in Kharkiv 

Church of St. Olha and Elizabeth in Lviv, 

United Kingdom England 

Clock tower of St. Pancras railway station in London, United Kingdom 

Albert Memorial, London, 1872 

All Saints’ Church, Daresbury, Cheshire, 1870s, 

the tower is medieval 

All Saints Church, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, 1843 

All Saints Church, Margaret Street, London 

Bristol Cathedral, Bristol, the nave and west front 

Broadway Theatre, Catford, London, 1928–32 

Charterhouse School, Godalming, Surrey 

Church of St Mary the Virgin, Reculver, Kent, 1876–78 

Downside Abbey, Somerset, c.1882–1925 

33-35 Eastcheap, City of London, 1868 

Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire, 1795–1813 (no longer survives) 

Guildford Cathedral, Guildford 

John Rylands Library, Manchester, 1890–1900 

Keble College, Oxford, 1870 

Liverpool Cathedral, Liverpool 

Manchester Town Hall, Manchester, 1877 

The Maughan Library, City of London, 1851–1858 

Northampton Guildhall 

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), 

London, begun in 1840 

Royal Chapel of All Saints, Windsor Great Park, 

Berkshire, remodelled in 1866 

Royal Courts of Justice, London 

St. Chad’s Cathedral, Birmingham 

St James the Less, Pimlico, London 

St Oswald’s Church, Backford, Cheshire, 

the nave 1870s, the tower and chancel are medieval 

St Walburge’s Church, Preston 

St Pancras railway station, London, 1868 

South London Theatre, London 

Tower Bridge, London 

Truro Cathedral, Cornwall 

Tyntesfield, Somerset, 1863 

Southwark Cathedral, Southwark, London, the nave 

Strawberry Hill, London, begun in 1749

Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford 

Woodchester Mansion, Gloucestershire, c.1858–1873 

Wills Memorial Building at the University of Bristol, Bristol, 1915–1925 

Scotland 

Scott Monument, Edinburgh 

Barclay Church, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1862–1864 

St Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal), from 1874 

Scott Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland, begun in 1841 

Gilbert Scott Building, University of Glasgow campus, Glasgow, Scotland, (the second largest example of Gothic Revival architecture in the British Isles), 1870 

Kelvinside Hillhead Parish Church, Observatory Road/Huntly Gardens, West End, Glasgow. Opened 1876. Based on the famous Sainte Chapelle, Paris 

Wallace Monument 

Wales 

Hawarden Castle (18th century), Hawarden 

Gwrych Castle, Abergele, 1819 

Penrhyn Castle, Gwynedd, 1820–45 

Cyfarthfa Castle, Merthyr Tydfil, 1824 

Treberfydd, near Brecon, 1847−50 

Bodelwyddan Castle, Bodelwyddan, Denbighshire, 1850s, with further alterations in the 1880s 

Hafodunos, near Llangernyw, 1861–6 

Cardiff Castle, Glamorgan, 1866–9 

Castell Coch, Glamorgan, 1871 

United States 

Alabama 

Lanier High School  (Montgomery, Alabama), Montgomery, Alabama 

California 

Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California 

Cathedral Building, Oakland, California, 1914 

Grace Cathedral, San Francisco, 1928–1964. 

St. Dominic’s Roman Catholic Church, San Francisco, 1928 

All Saints Episcopal Church (Pasadena, California), 

church 1926, rectory 1931. 

First Congregational Church of Los Angeles,

Los Angeles, California 90020, 1931 

Connecticut 

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 

Harkness Tower, 1917–21 

Hall of Graduate Studies, Yale Law School

Payne Whitney Gymnasium 

Residential colleges 

Sterling Memorial Library 

Florida 

Several buildings on the University of Florida campus, Gainesville, Florida 

Georgia 

Congregation Mickve Israel, Savannah, Georgia, 1876–78. A rare example of a Gothic revival synagogue. 

Illinois 

Tribune Tower, Chicago, Illinois, completed in 1925 

University of Chicago 

Rockefeller Chapel 

other campus buildings 

Indiana 

Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1882 

Louisiana 

Christ Church Cathedral, New Orleans, 

New Orleans, Louisiana, 1886. 

Old Louisiana State Capitol, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1849. 

St. Patrick’s Church (New Orleans, Louisiana), 

New Orleans, Louisiana, 1837. 

Maryland 

The Baltimore City College (public high school), Baltimore, Maryland, founded 1839, erected 1926–1928, third oldest public high school in America, nicknamed “The Castle on the Hill”, at 33rd Street and The Alameda. 

Massachusetts 

Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 

Bapst Library, 1908 

Michigan 

Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church, 

Detroit, Michigan, 1911 

Mississippi 

St. Mary’s Episcopal Chapel in 

Adams County, Mississippi, 1837 

Missouri 

Brookings Hall and several buildings on the Washington University campus, St. Louis, Missouri 

St. Francis de Sales Church (St. Louis, Missouri), the second largest church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis 

New Jersey 

Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart 

(Newark, New Jersey) 1954 

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 

Princeton University Chapel, 1925–1928 

Princeton University Graduate College 

Whitman College House 

Several buildings on the Seton Hall University campus, South Orange, New Jersey 

New York 

American Museum of Natural History, Manhattan, 1877 

Saint Ignatius of Antioch Episcopal Church, Manhattan, 1902 

St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York City, 1858–78 

Woolworth Building, New York City, 1910–13 

Trinity and U.S. Realty Building, New York City, 1907 

New York Life Insurance Building, New York City, 1928 

Liberty Tower, New York City, 1909 

Public School 166 in Manhattan, New York City, 1898 

McGraw Tower, Uris Library, Willard Straight Hall, and other buildings on the Cornell University campus in Ithaca, New York. 

Several buildings of the Fordham University campus in The Bronx including structures as recently constructed as 2000. 

The Thompson Memorial Library 

at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, NY, 1905. 

Several buildings on the City College 

of New York campus, New York City 

Most of the buildings on the West Point campus, 

most famously the West Point Cadet Chapel

North Carolina 

Duke Chapel and the main quadrangle of the West Campus of Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 1930–35 

High Point Central High School, (High Point, North Carolina) 

Ohio 

Several buildings on the University of Toledo campus, Toledo, Ohio 

St. John’s Episcopal Church (Cleveland, Ohio) 1836, the oldest consecrated building in Cuyahoga County, Ohio 

Trinity Cathedral, Cleveland 

Forest Lawn Memorial Park Youngstown, Ohio 

Jones Hall at Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio 

Saint John’s Episcopal Church, Youngstown, Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Rockefeller Hall, Bryn Mawr College 

Heinz Memorial Chapel, University of Pittsburgh 

Alumni Memorial Building, 

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, 1925 

Bryn Athyn Cathedral, Bryn Athyn, 1913–19 

Several buildings on the Bryn Mawr College campus, 

Bryn Mawr 

Church of the Advocate, Philadelphia, 1892–97 

East Liberty Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, 1932–35

Several buildings on the Grove City College campus, Grove City, Pennsylvania 

PPG Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1984 

Saint Peter’s Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Built 1851, moved and re-constructed 1901, destroyed (date needed) 

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 

College Hall, 1872 

Houston Hall, 1894–96, 1936 

Irvine Auditorium, 1926–29 

Quadrangle Dormitories, 1895–1912, 1920s, 1950s 

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 

Cathedral of Learning, 1926–37 

Heinz Chapel, 1933–38 

Stephen Foster Memorial, 1935–37 

Clapp Hall, 1956 

Tennessee 

Several buildings on the Rhodes College campus, Memphis, Tennessee 

St. Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral in Memphis, Tennessee, 1898–1926 

Texas 

St. Patrick Cathedral, Fort Worth, Texas, 1888 

Utah 

Salt Lake Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1896 

Virginia 

St. Paul’s Episcopal Church (Alexandria, Virginia), 1818, designed by Benjamin Latrobe 

Several buildings on the University of Richmond campus, Richmond, Virginia, 1937 

Washington 

Suzzallo Library and several buildings on the University of Washington campus, Seattle, Washington 

Washington, D.C. 

Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel, Washington, D.C., designed by James Renwick, Jr. in 1850 

Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C., 1907–90 

Wyoming 

Natrona County High School, Casper, Wyoming, 1924 

Vietnam

Notre Dame Basilica of Saigon Vietnam 

Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 

St. Joseph Cathedral, Hanoi, Vietnam 

Nha Trang Cathedral, Nha Trang, Vietnam

Appendix II 

List of World Expositions 

and Exhibitions (1790-1930) 

1790s 

• 1791 – Prague, Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy – first industrial exhibition on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as king of Bohemia, took place in Clementinum, considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods.[1] 

• 1798 – Paris, France – L’Exposition publique des produits de l’industrie française, Paris, 1798.[2] This was the first public industrial exposition in France although earlier in 1798 the Marquis d’Avèze had held a private exposition of handicrafts and manufactured goods at the Maison d’Orsay in the Rue de Varenne and it was this that suggested the idea of a public exposition to François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior for the French Republic.[3] 

1800s 

• 1801 – Paris, France – Second Exposition (1801). After the success of the exposition of 1798 a series of expositions for French manufacturing followed (1801, 1802, 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1844 and 1849) until the first properly international (or universal) exposition in France in 1855.[4] 

• 1802 – Paris, France – Third Exposition (1802)[4] 

• 1806 – Paris, France – Fourth Exposition (1806)[4] 

1810s 

• 1819 – Paris, France – Fifth Exposition (1819)[4] 

1820s 

• 1823 – Paris, France – Sixth Exposition (1823)[4] 

• 1827 – Paris, France – Seventh Exposition (1827)[4] 

• 1829 – New York City, United States – American Institute Fair 

• 1829 – Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – Prima Triennale 

Pubblica Esposizione dell’anno 1829. In Turin, a second ‘triennale’ followed in 1832 before other national agricultural, industrial, commercial, and applied arts expositions there in 1838, 1844, 1850 and 1858.[5] 

1830s 

• 1832 – Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – Seconda Triennale 

Pubblica Esposizione dell’anno 1832. [6] 

• 1834 – Paris, France – French Industrial Exposition of 

1834[4] 

• 1838 – Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – Pubblica esposizione 

dell’anno 1838.[7] 

• 1839 – Paris, France – Ninth Exposition (1839)[8] 

1840s 

• 1844 – Paris, France – French Industrial (Tenth) Exposition of 1844[4] 

• 1844 – Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – Quarta Esposizione 

d’Industria et di Belle Arti.[9]

• 1846 – Genoa, Piedmont-Sardinia – Esposizione dei 

Prodotti e delle Manufatture nazionali[citation needed] 

• 1849 – Birmingham, United Kingdom – Exhibition of 

Industrial Arts and Manufacturers[10] 

• 1849 – London, United Kingdom – First Exhibition of 

British Manufacturers (1849)[11] 

• 1849 – Paris, France – Eleventh Exposition (1849)[4] 

1850s 

• 1850 – Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – Quinta Esposizione di 

Industria e di Belle Arti[12] 

• 1851 – London, United Kingdom – The Great Exhibition 

of the Works of Industry of All Nations – The Crystal Palace (typically listed as the “first world’s fair”)[13] 

• 1852 – Cork, United Kingdom – Irish Industrial 

Exhibition[14] 

• 1853 – Naples, Two Sicilies – Solenne Pubblica 

Esposizione di Arti e Manifatture[15] 

• 1853–1854 – New York, United States – Exhibition of the 

Industry of All Nations[13] 

• 1853 – Dublin, United Kingdom – Great Industrial 

Exhibition (1853)[13] 

• 1854 – Genoa, Piedmont-Sardinia – Esposizione 

Industriale[16] 

• 1854 – Munich, Bavaria – Allgemeine deutsche Industrie-

Ausstellung[17] 

• 1854 – Melbourne, Victoria – Melbourne Exhibition (in 

conjunction with Exposition Universelle (1855))[17] 

• 1855 – Paris, France – Exposition Universelle (1855)[13]

[17] 

• 1856 – Brussels, Belgium – International Exhibition[18] 

• 1857 – Manchester, United Kingdom – Art Treasures 

Exhibition at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Stretford[14] 

• 1857 – Lausanne, Switzerland – Lausanne Exhibition[18] 

• 1858 – Dijon, France – Dijon Exposition[19] 

• 1858 – Philadelphia, United States – Philadelphia 

Technological Exhibition[20] 

• 1858 – Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – Sesta Esposizione 

Nazionale di Prodotti d’Industria[14] [21] 

1860s 

• 1861 – Brisbane, Queensland - First Queensland 

Exhibition 

• 1861 – Melbourne, Victoria - Second Victorian Exhibition 

• 1861 – Metz, France – Exposition Universelle (1861)[22] 

• 1861 – Amsterdam, Netherlands – Fisheries 

Exposition[23] 

• 1862 – Geelong, Victoria - Exhibition of Art, Science and 

Industry 

• 1862 – London, United Kingdom – 1862 International 

Exhibition[13][17]  and Exhibitions (1790-1930) 317 

• 1863 – Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire 

(Turkey) – Ottoman General Exposition[24] 

• 1864 – Bayonne, France – Franco-Spanish 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1865 – Cologne, Germany – International Agricultural 

Exhibition[25] 

• 1865 – Bergen, Norway – International Fisheries 

Exhibition[23] 

• 1865 – Batavia (Jakarta), Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) – 

Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1865 – Dunedin, New Zealand – New Zealand 

Exhibition[26] 

• 1865 – Dublin, United Kingdom – International Exhibition 

of Arts and Manufactures[13] [27] 

• 1865 – Freetown, Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate – Sierra Leone Exhibition[28] 

• 1865 – Porto, Portugal – Exposição Internacional do 

Porto[29] 

• 1866 – Ballarat, Victoria - National Industrial Exhibition 

• 1866 – Melbourne, Victoria - Intercolonial Exhibition of 

Australasia 

• 1866 – Boulogne-sur-Mer, France – International Fisheries Exposition[23] 

• 1866 – Arcachon, France – International Exposition of 

Fish and Water Products[23] 

• 1866 – Stockholm, Sweden – Scandinavian Industrial 

Exhibition[30] 

• 1867 – Paris, France – Exposition Universelle (1867)[13]

[17] 

• 1867 – Den Haag, Netherlands – International Maritime 

Exhibition[23] 

• 1867 – Aarhaus, Denmark – International Maritime 

Exhibition[23] 

• 1867 – Vienna, Austria – International Maritime 

Exhibition[23]

• 1867 – Gothenburg, Sweden – International Maritime 

Exhibition[23] 

• 1868 – Le Havre, France – International Maritime 

Exposition[23] 

• 1869 – Amsterdam, Netherlands – International 

Exhibition of Domestic Economy[18] 

1870s 

• 1870 – Sydney, New South Wales – Intercolonial 

Exhibition (1870)[31] 

• 1871 – Córdoba, Argentina – Exposición Nacional[18] 

• 1871 – London, United Kingdom – First Annual 

International Exhibition (1871)[13] 

• 1871 – Naples, Italy – International Maritime 

Exposition[23] 

• 1872 – Hamilton, Bermuda - Industrial and Loan 

Exhibition 

• 1872 – Copenhagen, Denmark – Second Scandinavian 

Exhibition of Arts and Industry[citation needed] 

• 1872 – London, United Kingdom – Second Annual 

International Exhibition (1872)[13] 

• 1872 – Christchurch, New Zealand - New Zealand 

Interprovincial Exhibition 

• 1872 – Lima, Peru – Lima International Exhibition[32] 

• 1872 – Lyon, France – Exposition Universelle et 

Internationale (1872)[33] 

• 1872 – Kyoto, Japan – Exhibition of Arts and 

Manufactures (1872)[31] 

• 1873 – London, United Kingdom – Third Annual 

International Exhibition (1873)[13] 

• 1873 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – Weltausstellung 1873 

Wien[13][17] 318 The One World Tartarians 

• 1873 – Sydney, New South Wales – Metropolitan 

Intercolonial Exhibition (1873) 

• 1874 – London, United Kingdom – Fourth Annual 

International Exhibition (1874)[13] 

• 1874 – Dublin, United Kingdom[34] – International 

Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1874) 

• 1874 – Rome, Italy – Esposizione internazionale (1874) 

(never held)[35] 

• 1874 – Jamestown, St. Helena – St. Helena Industrial 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1874 – Marseille, France – Exhibition of Modern 

Inventions and Discoveries[36] 

• 1874 – Philadelphia, United States – Franklin Institute 

Exhibition[37] 

• 1875 – Melbourne, Victoria – Victorian Intercolonial 

Exhibition[31] 

• 1875 – Nizhni Novgorod, Russia – Nizhni Novgorod Fair 

(1875)[31]

• 1875 – Sydney, New South Wales – Intercolonial 

Exhibition (1875) 

• 1875 – Santiago, Chile – Chilean International 

Exhibition[31] 

• 1876 – Brussels, Belgium – International Exposition of 

Hygiene and Life-saving Apparatus[citation needed]

• 1876 – Helsinki, Finland – Finnish General Exhibition[38] 

• 1876 – Adelaide, South Australia - Adelaide Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1876 – Philadelphia, United States – Centennial 

Exposition[13][17] 

• 1876 – Brisbane, Queensland – Intercolonial Exhibition 

(1876)[39] 

• 1876 – London, United Kingdom – London Loan 

Collection of Scientific Apparatus[40][20] 

• 1877 – Cape Town, Cape Colony – South African 

International Exhibition[41] 

• 1877 – Tokyo, Japan – First National Industrial Exhibition 

(1877) (Ueno Park)[42] 

• 1877 – Sydney, New South Wales - Sydney Metropolitan 

and Intercolonial Exhibition 

• 1877 – Adelaide, South Australia - Adelaide Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1878 – Paris, France – Exposition Universelle (1878)[13]

[17] 

• 1878 – Ballarat, Victoria – Australian Juvenile Industrial 

Exhibition (1878)[31] 

• 1878 – London, United Kingdom – International Fisheries 

Exhibition[23] 

• 1879 – Bendigo, Victoria - Juvenile Industrial Exhibition • 

1879 – Geelong, Victoria - Geelong Juvenile and Industrial Exhibition 

• 1879 – Sydney, New South Wales - Intercolonial Juvenile 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1879 – Sydney, New South Wales – Sydney International 

Exhibition[13][17] 

• 1879 – Melbourne, Victoria – Intercolonial Juvenile 

Industrial Exhibition (1879)[43] 

• 1879 – Kilburn, United Kingdom – International 

Agricultural Exhibition[44] 

1880s 

• 1880 – Berlin, Germany – International Fisheries 

Exhibition[23] 

• 1880 – Christchurch, New Zealand - Christchurch 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1880 – Adelaide, South Australia - Industrial and Juvenile 

Exhibition 

• 1880 – Glasgow, United Kingdom – Glasgow Electrical 

Exhibition[45][20] 

• 1880-1881 – Melbourne, Victoria – Melbourne 

International Exhibition (1880)[13]

• 1881 – Adelaide, South Australia, Australia – Adelaide 

Exhibition. [46] 

• 1881 – Matanzas, Cuba - Exhibition of Matanzas 

• 1881 – Milwaukee, Wisconsin – Milwaukee Industrial 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1881 – Paris, France – International Exposition of 

Electricity, Paris[31] 

• 1881 – Dunedin, New Zealand - Dunedin Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1881 – Atlanta, United States – International Cotton 

Exposition[13] 

• 1881 – Budapest, Austria-Hungary – Országos Nőipari 

Kiállitás[citation needed] 

• 1881 – London, United Kingdom – International Medical 

and Sanitary Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1881 – Tokyo, Japan – Second National Industrial 

Exhibition[47] 

• 1881-1882 – Perth, Western Australia, Australia – Perth 

International Exhibition[48] 

• 1882 – Lille, France – International Exposition of 

Industrial Art[citation needed] 

• 1882 – Munich, Germany – International Electrical 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1882 – Christchurch, New Zealand – New Zealand 

International Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1882 – London, United Kingdom – Crystal Palace Electric 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1882 – Edinburgh, United Kingdom – International 

Fisheries Exhibition[49] 

• 1882 – Bordeaux, France – Exposition internationale des 

vins[31] 

• 1882 – Buenos Aires, Argentina – South American 

Continental Exhibition (Exposición Continental Sud-Americana)[50] 

• 1883 – London, United Kingdom – International Electric 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1883 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – International Electrical 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1883 – Cork, United Kingdom – Cork Industrial 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1883 – Amsterdam, Netherlands – International Colonial 

and Export Exhibition[13] 

• 1883 – Calcutta, India – Calcutta International 

Exhibition[13] 

• 1883 – Marseilles, France – International Maritime 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1883 – Christchurch, New Zealand - All Colonial 

Exhibition 

• 1883 – Madrid, Spain – Exposition of Mining and 

Metallurgy[citation needed]

• 1883 – South Kensington, United Kingdom – 

International Fisheries Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1883 – Parramatta, New South Wales – Intercolonial 

Juvenile Industrial Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1883 – Hobart, Tasmania - Tasmanian Juvenile and 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1883 – Launceston, Tasmania - Art and Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1883 – Louisville, United States – Southern Exposition[13] • 1883 – New York City, United States – World’s Fair (1883) (never held)[35] 

• 1883 – Caracas, Venezuela - National Exposition of 

Venezuela 

• 1883-1884 – Boston, United States – The American 

Exhibition of the Products, Arts and Manufactures of Foreign Nations[51] 

• 1884 – Nice, France – International Exposition of 

Nice[citation needed] 

• 1884 – Amsterdam, Netherlands – International 

Agricultural Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1884 – London, United Kingdom – London International 

Universal Exhibition[52] 

• 1884 – South Kensington, United Kingdom – 

International Health and Education Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1884 – Cape Town, Cape Colony - South African Industrial Exhibition 

• 1884 – Durban, South Africa – Natal Agricultural, 

Horticultural, Industrial and Art Exhibition[53] 

• 1884 – New Orleans, United States – World Cotton 

Centennial[13] 

• 1884 – Melbourne, Victoria[31] – Victorian International 

Exhibition 1884 of Wine, Fruit, Grain & other products of the soil of Australasia with machinery, plant and tools employed 

• 1884 – Edinburgh, United Kingdom – First International 

Forestry Exhibition 

• 1884 – Turin, Italy – Esposizione Generale Italiana[31] 

• 1884 – Adelaide, South Australia - Grand Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1885 – Melbourne, Victoria – Victorians’ Jubilee 

Exhibition (1885) (Jubilee of Victoria Exhibition) 

• 1885 – Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony (now South Africa) – 

South African Exhibition 

• 1885 – Antwerp, Belgium – Exposition Universelle 

d’Anvers (1885)[13] 

• 1885 – Nuremberg, Germany – International Exposition of Metals and Metallurgy 

• 1885 – Budapest, Austria-Hungary – Hungarian National 

Exhibition 

• 1885 – Wellington, New Zealand – New Zealand 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1885 – Zaragoza, Spain – Aragonese Exposition 

• 1885 – London, United Kingdom – International 

Inventions Exhibition[55] 

• 1886 – London, United Kingdom – Colonial and Indian 

Exhibition (1886)[13] 

• 1886 – Edinburgh, United Kingdom – International 

Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art[13]

• 1886 – Liverpool, United Kingdom – International 

Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry (1886)[54][56] 

• 1886 – Bendigo, Victoria - Juvenile and Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1886 – Launceston, Tasmania - Launceston Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1886 – Perth, Western Australia - West Australian 

Exhibition 

• 1887 – Le Havre, France – International Maritime 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1887 – Atlanta, Piedmont Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1887 – Geelong, Victoria – Geelong Jubilee Juvenile and 

Industrial Exhibition (1887)[citation needed] 

• 1887 – Manchester, United Kingdom – Royal Jubilee 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1887 – London, United Kingdom – American 

Exhibition[54] 

• 1887 – Newcastle, United Kingdom – Royal Mining, 

Engineering and Industrial Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1887 – Rome, Italy – Esposizione mondiale (1887)[citation needed] 

• 1887-1888 – Adelaide, South Australia – Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition (1887)[13] 

• 1888 – Glasgow, United Kingdom – International 

Exhibition (1888)[13] 

• 1888 – Brussels, Belgium – Grand Concours International des Sciences et de l’Industrie (1888)[54] 

• 1888 – Barcelona, Spain – Exposición Universal de 

Barcelona (1888)[13] 

• 1888 - Cincinnati, Ohio - Cincinnati Centennial Exposition 

(1888)[57] 

• 1888 – Lisbon, Portugal – Exposição Industrial 

Portugueza (1888)[58] 

• 1888 – Copenhagen, Denmark – The Nordic Exhibition of 1888 (Nordiske Industri-Landbrugs og Kunstudstilling)[54] 

• 1888-1889 – Melbourne, Australia – Melbourne 

Centennial Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1888-1889 – Melbourne, Victoria – Victorian Juvenile 

Industrial Exhibition (1888) 

• 1889 – Paris, France – Exposition Universelle (1889) – 

Eiffel Tower 

• 1889 – Dunedin, New Zealand – New Zealand and South 

Seas Exhibition (1889) 

• 1889 – Buffalo, United States – International Industrial 

Fair (1889) 

1890s 

• 1890 - Buenos Aires, Argentina - Agricultural Exhibition 

• 1890 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – Agricultural and 

Forestry Exposition 

• 1890 – Bremen, Germany – Nord-West-Deutsche 

Gewerbe und Industrie-Ausstellung[54] 

• 1890 – London, United Kingdom – International Exhibition of Mining and Metallurgy 

• 1890 – Edinburgh, United Kingdom – International 

Exhibition of Science, Art & Industry[49] 

• 1890 - Ballarat, Victoria - Australian Juvenile Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1891 – Moscow, Russia – Exposition française[citation 

needed] 

• 1891 – Frankfurt, Germany – International Electro-

Technical Exhibition – 1891[citation needed] 

• 1891 – Kingston, Jamaica – International Exhibition 

(1891)[13] 

• 1891 – Prague, Austria-Hungary – General Land 

Centennial Exhibition (1891) at the Prague Exhibition Grounds [1] 

• 1891 - Adelaide, South Australia - Industrial Exhibition of 

South Australian Industries, Products and Manufactures 

• 1891 - Port-of-Spain, Trinidad - Trinidad and Tobago 

Exhibition 

• 1891–1892 – Launceston, Tasmania – Tasmanian 

International Exhibition (1891)[54] 

• 1892 – Grenoble, France – International Alpine Exposition 

of Grenoble 

• 1892 – Genoa, Italy – Esposizione Italo-Americana (1892) 

• 1892 – Washington, DC, United States – Exposition of the Three Americas (1892) (never held)[35] 

• 1892 – London, United Kingdom – Crystal Palace 

Electrical Exhibition 

• 1892–1893 – Madrid, Spain – Historical American 

Exposition[13] 

• 1892 – Chicago, United States – World’s Columbian 

Exposition[13] – Palace of Fine Arts and the World’s Congress Auxiliary Building 

• 1892 – Kimberley, Cape Colony – South African and 

International Exhibition[59] 

• 1893 – New York City, United States – World’s Fair Prize Winners’ Exposition (1893) 

• 1894 – San Francisco, United States – California 

Midwinter International Exposition of 1894[13] 

• 1894 – Antwerp, Belgium – Exposition Internationale 

d’Anvers (1894)[13] 

• 1894 - Santiago, Chile - International Mining and 

Metallurgical Exposition 

• 1894 – Lyons, France – Exposition internationale et 

coloniale[54] 

• 1894 – Manchester, United Kingdom – British and 

Colonial Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1894 – Oporto, Portugal – Exposição Insular e Colonial 

Portugueza (1894)[citation needed] 

• 1894 - Fremantle, Western Australia - Fremantle Industrial Exhibition 

• 1895 - Adelaide, South Australia - Exhibition of Art and 

Industry 

• 1895 – Hobart, Tasmania – Tasmanian International 

Exhibition (1895)[13] 

• 1895 – Ballarat, Victoria – Australian Industrial Exhibition 

(1895) 

• 1895 – Bordeaux, France – Bordeaux Exposition [fr] 

• 1895 - Kyoto, Japan - National Japanese Exhibition 

• 1895 - Christchurch, New Zealand - Art and Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1895 – Atlanta, United States – Cotton States and 

International Exposition (1895) (Atlanta Exposition) 

• 1895 - Montvideo, Uruguay - National Agricultural 

Exhibition 

• 1896 – Rouen, France – National and Colonial 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1896 – Kiel, Germany – International Shipping and 

Fishery Exposition 

• 1896 – Budapest, Austria-Hungary – Hungarian Millenary Exhibition 

• 1896 - Wellington, New Zealand - Wellington Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1896 – Nizhny Novgorod, Russia – Pan Russian 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1896 – Malmö, Sweden – Nordic Industrial and Handicraft Exhibition 

• 1896 – Berlin, Germany – Gewerbe-Ausstellung (1896)

[54] 

• 1896 – Mexico City, Mexico – International Exposition 

(1896) (never held)[35] 

• 1896 – Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom – Cardiff Fine Arts, Industrial, and Maritime Exhibition[61] 

• 1897 – Brussels, Belgium – Exposition Internationale de 

Bruxelles (1897)[60] 

• 1897 – Arcachon, France – Arcachon International 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1897 – Guatemala City, Guatemala – Exposición 

Centroamericana[60] 

• 1897 – London, United Kingdom – Imperial Victorian 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1897 – Brisbane, Queensland – Queensland International Exhibition[62] 

   1897 – Chicago, United States – Irish Fair (1897)[citation 

needed] 

• 1897 – Nashville, United States – Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition[60] 

• 1897 – Stockholm, Sweden – General Art and Industrial Exposition of Stockholm[60] 

• 1897 – Kiev, Ukraine – Agricultural Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1898 - Buenos Aires, Argentina - National Exhibition 

• 1898 – Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire – Universal Scientific 

and Philanthropic Exposition (1898)[citation needed] 

• 1898 – Auckland, New Zealand – Auckland Industrial and 

Mining Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1898 – Dunedin, New Zealand – Otago Jubilee Industrial 

Exhibition (1898)[citation needed] 

• 1898 – Omaha, United States – Trans-Mississippi

Exposition[60] 

• 1898 – Bergen, Norway – International Fisheries 

Exposition (1898)[citation needed] 

• 1898 – Munich, Germany – Kraft – und 

Arbeitsmaschinen-Ausstellung (1898) 

• 1898 – San Francisco, United States – California’s Golden 

Jubilee (1898)[63] 

• 1898 – Turin, Italy – Esposizione Generale Italiana[62] 

• 1898 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – Jubiläums-

Ausstellung[62] 

• 1898 - Launceston, Tasmania - Tasmanian Juvenile 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1898 – Grahamstown, South Africa – Industrial and Arts 

Exhibition[citation needed] 

• 1899 – Coolgardie, Western Australia – Western 

Australian International Mining and Industrial Exhibition[62] 

• 1899 – Como, Italy – Como Electrical Exhibition[citation 

needed] 

• 1899 – Omaha, Nebraska, United States – Greater 

America Exposition 

• 1899 – Philadelphia, United States – National Export 

Exposition[62] 

• 1899 – London, United Kingdom – Greater Britain 

Exhibition[64] 

1900s 

• 1900 – Paris, France – Exposition Universelle (1900)[60] – Le Grand Palais 

• 1900 – Adelaide, South Australia – Century Exhibition of 

Arts and Industries (1900) 

• 1900 - Christchurch, New Zealand - Canterbury Jubilee 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1901 - Bendigo, Australia - Victorian Gold Jubilee 

Exhibition 

• 1901 – Buffalo, United States – Pan-American 

Exposition[60] 

• 1901 – Glasgow, United Kingdom – Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)[60] 

• 1901 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – Bosnische Weihnachts-Ausstellung (1901) 

• 1901 – Charleston, United States – South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition[60] 

• 1902 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – International Fishery 

Exposition

• 1902 – Turin, Italy – Esposizione Internazionale d’Arte 

Decorativa Moderna[60] 

• 1902 – Hanoi, French Indochina – Hanoi exhibition (Indo 

China Exposition Française et Internationale)[60] 

• 1902 – Lille, France – International Exposition of Lille 

• 1902 – Cork, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 

– Cork International Exhibition[65] 

• 1902 – Wolverhampton, United Kingdom – 

Wolverhampton Art and Industrial Exhibition 

• 1902 – St. Petersburg, Russia – International Fisheries 

Exhibition 

• 1902 – New York City, United States – United States, 

Colonial and International Exposition (1902) (never held)[35] • 1902 – Toledo, Ohio, United States – Ohio Centennial and 

Northwest Territory Exposition (1902) – (never held)[35] 

• 1903 - Melbourne, Australia - Australian Federal 

International Exhibition 

• 1903 – Osaka, Japan – National Industrial Exposition 

(1903)[62] 

• 1904 – St. Louis, United States – Louisiana Purchase 

Exposition[60] (also called Louisiana Purchase International Exposition and Olympic Games ): 1904 Summer Olympics 

• 1904 – Cape Town, South Africa – Cape Town Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1905 – Portland, United States – Lewis & Clark Centennial 

Exposition[60] 

• 1905 – Liège, Belgium – Exposition universelle et 

internationale de Liège(1905)[60] 

• 1905 – London, United Kingdom – Naval, Shipping and 

Fisheries Exhibition[62] 

• 1905 – New York City, United States – Irish Industrial 

Exposition (1905)[66] 

• 1906 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – Hygiene Exhibition 

• 1906 – Milan, Italy – Esposizione Internazionale del 

Sempione[60] 

• 1906 – London, United Kingdom – Imperial Austrian 

Exhibition[62] 

• 1906 – Marseille, France – Exposition coloniale (1906)[67] • 1906 – Bucharest, Romania – Romanian General 

Exposition 

• 1906 – Tourcoing, France – International Exposition of 

Textile Industries 

• 1906–1907 – Christchurch, New Zealand – International 

Exhibition (1906)[60] 

• 1907 – Bordeaux, France – International Maritime 

Exposition [fr] 

• 1907 – Tokyo, Japan – Tokyo Industrial Exhibition 

• 1907 – Bergen, Norway – Nordic Marine Motor Exhibition • 1907 – Dublin, United Kingdom – Irish International 

Exhibition[60] 

• 1907 – Hampton Roads, United States – Jamestown 

Exposition 

• 1907 – Chicago, United States – World’s Pure Food 

Exposition (1907) 

• 1907 – Mannheim, Germany – Internationale Kunst-

Ausstellung (1907) 

• 1908 – Marseille, France – Exposition of Electricity 

• 1908 – Trondheim, Norway – Scandinavian Fisheries 

Exhibition 

• 1908 – Zaragoza, Spain – Hispano-French Exposition of 

1908[62] 

• 1908 – London, United Kingdom – Franco-British 

Exhibition (1908)[60]

• 1908 – Edinburgh, United Kingdom – Scottish National 

Exhibition[68][69] 

• 1908 – New York City, United States – International 

Mining Exposition (1908) 

• 1908 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – Exhibition of the centenary of the opening of the Ports of Brazil 

• 1908 – Marseille, France – Exposition International de 

l’Electricite[70][71] 

• 1909 – London, United Kingdom – Imperial International 

Exhibition[72] 

• 1909 – Nancy, France – Exposition Internationale de l’Est 

de la France[citation needed] 

• 1909 – Seattle, United States – Alaska-Yukon-Pacific 

Exposition[60] 

• 1909 – New York City, United States – Hudson-Fulton 

Celebration[73] 

• 1909 – San Francisco, United States – Portolá Festival 

(1909)[citation needed] 

• 1909 – Quito, Ecuador National

Ecuadorian Exposition[62] 

1910s 

• 1910 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – International Hunting 

Exposition 

• 1910 - Santiago, Chile - International Agricultural and 

Industrial Exposition 

• 1910 – Bogotá, Colombia – Exposición del Centenario de 

la independencia (1910)[citation needed] 

• 1910 – Nanking, China – Nanyang Industrial 

Exposition[60] 

• 1910 – Brussels, Belgium – Brussels International 

1910[60] 

• 1910 – Buenos Aires, Argentina – Exposición 

Internacional del Centenario[citation needed] 

• 1910 - Nagoya, Japan - Nagoya Industrial Exhibition 

• 1910 – London, United Kingdom – Japan–British 

Exhibition[62] 

• 1910 – San Francisco, United States – Admission Day 

Festival (1910) September 8, 9, 10 

• 1910 – Vienna, Austria-Hungary – Internationale Jagd-

Ausstellung (1910)

• 1911 – Charleroi, Belgium – Charleroi Exposition 

• 1911 – Havana, Cuba – Cuban National Exposition 

• 1911 – Roubaix, France – International Exposition of 

Northern France 

• 1911 – Dresden, Germany – International Hygiene 

Exhibition[62] 

• 1911 – London, United Kingdom – Coronation Exhibition 

(1911) 

• 1911 – London, United Kingdom – Festival of Empire[ 

• 1911 – Rome, Italy – Esposizione internazionale 

d’arte(1911)[62] 

• 1911 - Wellington, New Zealand - Coronation Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1911 – Turin, Italy – Turin International[62] 

• 1911 – Omsk, Russia – Western Siberian Exhibition 

• 1911 – Glasgow, United Kingdom – Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry[62] 

• 1911 – New York City, United States – International 

Mercantile Exposition (1911) 

• 1912 – Manila, Philippines – Philippine Exposition (1912)

[citation needed] 

• 1912 – London, United Kingdom – Latin-British 

Exhibition[79] 

• 1912, 1917 – Tokyo, Japan – Grand Exhibition of Japan 

(planned for 1912, postponed to 1917 and then never held)[80] 

• 1913 - Melbourne, Australia - Great All-Australian 

Exhibition 

• 1913 – Leipzig, Germany – International Building Trades 

Exposition 

• 1913 – Auckland, New Zealand – Auckland Exhibition[79] • 1913 – Ghent, Belgium – Exposition universelle et 

internationale (1913)[60] 

• 1913 – Amsterdam, Netherlands – Tentoonstelling De 

Vrouw 1813–1913[citation needed] 

• 1913 – Kiev, Ukraine – All Russian Exhibition 

• 1913 – Knoxville, United States – National Conservation 

Exposition[citation needed] 

• 1914 – London – Anglo-American Exhibition[79] 

• 1914 – Malmö, Sweden – Baltic Exhibition[citation 

needed] 

• 1914 – Boulogne-sur-Mer, France – International 

Exposition of Sea Fishery Industries (1914) 

• 1914 – Lyon, France – Exposition internationale urbaine 

de Lyon 

• 1914 – Tokyo, Japan – Tokyo Taisho Exposition 

• 1914 – Cologne, Germany – Werkbund Exhibition (1914)

[81] 

• 1914 – Bristol, United Kingdom – International Exhibition 

(1914)[82] 

• 1914 – Nottingham, United Kingdom – Universal 

Exhibition (1914) (work begun on site 1913 but never held) • 1914 – Semarang, Dutch East Indies – Colonial Exhibition 

of Semarang (Colonial Exposition) 

• 1914 – Kristiania, Norway – 1914 Jubilee 

Exhibition(Norges Jubilæumsutstilling) 

• 1914 – Baltimore, United States – National Star-Spangled 

Banner Centennial Celebration[85] 

• 1914 – Genoa, Italy – International exhibition of marine 

and maritime hygiene 

• 1915 – Casablanca, Morocco – Casablanca Fair of 1915 

• 1915 – San Francisco, United States – Panama–Pacific 

International Exposition[60] Palace of Fine Arts 

• 1915 – Panama City, Panama – Exposición Nacional de 

Panama (1915)[79] 

• 1915 – Richmond, United States – Negro Historical and 

Industrial Exposition (1915)

• 1915 – Chicago, United States – Lincoln Jubilee and 

Exposition (1915) 

• 1915–1916 – San Diego, United States – Panama–

California Exposition[60] 

• 1916 - Wellington, New Zealand - British Commercial and 

Industrial Exhibition 

• 1918 – New York City, United States – Bronx International 

Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries[79] 

• 1918 – Los Angeles, United States – California Liberty Fair (1918) 

1920s 

• 1920 – Adelaide, Australia - All-Australian Peace 

Exhibition 

• 1920 – Shanghai, Republic of China – American-Chinese 

Exposition[35] 

• 1921 – Riga, Latvia – International Exhibition of 

Agriculture and Industry 

• 1921 – Wellington, New Zealand - Exhibition of New 

Zealand Industries 

• 1921 – London, United Kingdom – International 

Exhibition of Rubber and Other Tropical Products (1921) 

• 1922 – Marseille, France – Exposition nationale coloniale (1922)[79] 

• 1922 – Tokyo, Japan – Peace Exhibition (1922)[citation 

needed] 

• 1922 – Christchurch, New Zealand - Exhibition of New 

Zealand Industries 

• 1922-1923 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – Exposição do 

Centenario do Brasil (1922)[60] 

• 1923 – Auckland, New Zealand - Dominion Industrial 

Exhibition Appendix II: List of World Expositions and Exhibitions (1790-1930) 327 

• 1923 – Los Angeles, United States – American Historical 

Review and Motion Picture Exposition (1923) 

• 1923 – Calcutta, India – Calcutta Exhibition (1923) 

preparatory to British Empire Exhibition 

• 1923 – Moscow, Soviet Union – All-Russian Agricultural 

and Domestic Industries Exhibition 

• 1923 – Gothenburg, Sweden – Gothenburg Exhibition 

(1923) (Jubileumsutställningens i Göteborg) (Liseberg)[79] 

• 1923-1924 – Hokitika, New Zealand – British and 

Intercolonial Exhibition[86] 

• 1924 – Wembley, London, United Kingdom – British 

Empire Exhibition 

• 1924 – New York City, United States – French Exposition (1924)[citation needed] 

• 1924-1925 Buenos Aires, Argentina - Industrial Exposition • 1925 – Adelaide, Australia - All-Australian Exhibition 

• 1925 – Lyon, France – Foire (1925)[citation needed] 

• 1925 – Wellington, New Zealand - Dominion Industrial 

Exhibition 

• 1925 – San Francisco, United States – California’s 

Diamond Jubilee (1925) 

• 1925 – Paris, France – Exposition Internationale des Arts 

Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes[60] 

• 1925-1926 – Dunedin, New Zealand – New Zealand and 

South Seas International Exhibition[60] 

• 1926 – Philadelphia, United States – Sesquicentennial 

Exposition[60] 

• 1926 – Berlin, Germany – Internationale 

Polizeiausstellung (1926) 

• 1927 – Lyon, France – Foire internationale (1925) 

• 1927 – Stuttgart, Germany – Werkbund Exhibition 

• 1928 – Cologne, Germany – International Press Exhibition • 1928 – Long Beach, United States – Pacific Southwest 

Exposition (1928)[60] 

• 1929 – Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom – North 

East Coast Exhibition 

• 1929 – Hangzhou, Republic of China – Westlake 

Exposition 

• 1929-1930 – Seville, Spain – Ibero-American Exposition 

• 1929-1930 – Barcelona, Spain, [60] – 1929 Barcelona 

International Exposition

source

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