Tuesday, July 12, 2022

Part 2 The Ancient Giants Who Ruled America ... North America, Land of The Giants

The Ancient Giants Who Ruled America
by Richard J Dewhurst
NORTH AMERICA 
Land of the Giants 
While the idea of prehistoric giants inhabiting the United States may seem strange to us today or the result of some fantastic hoax, in the nineteenth century, reports of archaeological evidence regarding giants were commonplace. In addition, one must remember that America was an agrarian society at this time and its citizens were in regular contact with their fields, as well as the mounds and the remains they found while plowing. Knowledge of the giants was part of the current thinking, as was a heightened awareness of who the mound builders really were. As this chapter demonstrates, highly credible reports of skeletons and artifacts, from the eastern states to the Pacific Ocean, appeared in newspapers across the country with surprising frequency. The fact that this idea seems so strange to us today can be directly attributed, at least in part, to the role the Smithsonian played in suppressing the evidence, as attested by several of the reports documented here.
Fig. 2.1. Giant skeleton from Serpent Mound 
of Adams County, Ohio 

THE LENNI LENAPE GIANTS OF 
THE EASTERN UNITED STATES 
The Lenni Lenape Indians were often referred to as a tribe of giants. Technically, their name translates as “the real people,” or “the human beings” in the Unami language. Their principle area of inhabitation encompassed much of southeastern New York State, including the lower Hudson River Valley and most of Long Island and Staten Island, as well as eastern Pennsylvania around the Delaware and Lehigh Valleys, in addition to the coastal regions that extend south to the north shore of Delaware. Another designation of the tribe was the “original people,” which is similar to the appellation of the Copper culture tribes of Michigan, which were called the “Old People,” and the Anasazi of the Southwest, who were called “The Ancient Ones.” Since their legends state that they originally migrated from the west, this is not surprising. 

Lenni Lenape legend relates what is no less than a mass exodus that began west of the Mississippi and involved the use of scouting parties that went out in search of suitable land. Although the legends are thought to be several hundred years old, research in chapter 10 indicates that this migration may have happened as long ago as 5000 BCE as a result of the cataclysmic explosion of the Lassen Volcano in California. 

Fig. 2.2. Lappawinsa, chief of the Lenni Lenape (Lappawinsa, painted by Gustavus Hesselius in 1735, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Division Collection) 
Fig. 2.3. Benjamin West’s painting (in 1771) of William Penn’s 1682 treaty with the Lenni Lenape Indians. Notice that the seated warrior is taller and whiter than anyone else present. 

An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States, 1819 

BY REV. JOHN GOTTLIEB ERNESTUS HECKEWELDER 
The Lenni Lenape, according to the legends handed down to them by their ancestors, resided many hundreds of years ago in a very distant country in the western part of the American continent. 

For some reason I do not find accounted for, they determined on migrating to the eastward, and accordingly set out together in a body. After a very long journey, they fell in with the Mengwe (Iroquois), who likewise emigrated from a distant country. Their object was the same as with that of the Delawares. They were proceeding along to the eastward until they should find a country that pleased them. 

The spies, which the Lenape had sent forward for the purpose of reconnoitering, had discovered that the country east of the Mississippi was inhabited by a very powerful nation who had many large towns built on the great rivers flowing through their land. These people (as I was told) called themselves “Talligew” or “Talligewi.” Colonel John Gibson, however, a gentleman who has a thorough knowledge of the Indians and speaks several of [the languages], is of the opinion that they were not called Talligewi, but Alligewi. And it would seem that he is right, from the traces of their name which still remain in the country, the Allegheny River and mountains having indubitably been named after them. 

The Delawares still call the former the Alligewi Sipu, the River of the Alligewi. 

MANY WONDERFUL THINGS ARE 
TOLD OF THIS FAMOUS PEOPLE 
The Lenni Lenape eventually came in contact with the ancestor race of the Allegheny or Alligewi people, a race even greater in stature than the Lenni Lenape and known for their massive earthworks throughout the regions of Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Heckewelder continues: 

They are said to have been remarkably tall and stout, and there is a tradition that there were giants among them, people of a much larger size than the Lenape. It is related that they had built regular fortifications or entrenchments. I have seen many of the fortifications said to be built by them, two of which in particular were remarkable. One of them was near the mouth of the river Huron, which empties itself into the lake St. Claire, on the north side of that lake at a distance of about twenty miles northeast of Detroit. The other works, properly entrenchments, being walls or banks of earth regularly thrown up with a deep ditch on the outside, were on the Huron River east of Sandusky, about six or eight miles from Lake Erie. 
Fig. 2.4. Teedyuscung (1700–1763) was known as king of the Delawares. He worked to establish a Lenni Lenape (Delaware) home in eastern Pennsylvania in the Lehigh, Susquehanna, and Delaware River Valleys (King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung 1700–1763, courtesy of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission). 

Outside of the gateways of these entrenchments were a number of large flat mounds, in which the Indian pilot said, were buried hundreds of slain Alligewi. 

When the Lenape arrived on the banks of the Mississippi, they sent a message to the Alligewi to request permission to settle themselves in their neighborhood. This was refused them but they obtained leave to pass through the country and seek settlement further to the eastward. They accordingly began to cross, when the Alligewi, seeing that their numbers were so very great, and, in fact, they consisted of many thousands, made a furious attack on those who had crossed, threatening them all with destruction if they dared to persist in coming over to their side of the river. Fired at the treachery of these people and the great loss of men they sustained, the Lenape consulted on what was to be done. Whether to retreat in the best manner they could, or try their strength and let the enemy see they were not cowards but men, and too high-minded to suffer themselves to be driven off before they had made a trial of their strength and were convinced that the enemy was too powerful for them. 

THE MENGWE JOIN IN THE WAR 
When the Mengwe, or Iroquois Indians, saw that the Lenni Lenape were losing the battle, they agreed to fight on their side in exchange for a promise that they would have a part in jointly ruling the conquered lands east of the Mississippi. The Alligewi were finally defeated, and it was said that they fled south down the Mississippi River, never to be seen again. Again, Heckewelder continues: 
Fig. 2.5. The giants Fafner and Fasolt seize Freya in Arthur Rackham’s illustration of Der Ring des Nibelungen by composer Richard Wagner. 

The Mengwe, who hitherto had been satisfied with being spectators from a distance, offered to join them on the condition that, after conquering the country, they should be entitled to share it with them. Their proposal was accepted and the resolution was taken by the two nations to conquer or die.

Having thus united forces, the Lenape and Mengwe declared war against the Alligewi, and great battles were fought in which many warriors fell on both sides. The enemy fortified their large towns and erected fortifications, especially on large rivers and near lakes, where they were successively attacked and sometimes stormed by the allies. 

An engagement took place in which hundreds fell, who were afterward buried in holes or laid together in heaps and covered over with earth. No quarter was given, so that the Allegewi, at last finding that their destruction was inevitable if they persisted in their obstinacy, abandoned the country to the conquerors and fled down the Mississippi River from whence they never returned. 

PIGEON CREEK VALLEY, PENNSYLVANIA 
CHARLEROI MAIL, MAY 7, 1953 
The name “Monongahela” derives from the Indian river title, it being the name by which the Indian described the falling banks of the river as soil erosion loosened the earth on its sides and caused it to slip into the stream. The other two bodies of water also derive their name from the Indian: Mingo Creek (and the entire Mingo section) and Pigeon Creek. 

The Mingoes, with Chicka-Mingo as their Chief, inhabited the section to the north of what is now Monongahela, while Pigeon was the Chief of the great tribe which occupied for many seasons the waters of what is now called Pigeon Creek. 

Earlier Indians in this section of the county were “Mound Builders,” evidences of such still being apparent from the surface in several places. The “Mounds,” embracing the section surrounding Decker Street and the old Crall greenhouse property, took its name from the huge mound at the southern end of Decker Street. Mounds also have been discovered on the Van Voorhis farm and at a site near Elrama. 

The Elrama mound revealed 45 skeletons, giving proof that the Mound Builders lived here 10,000 years ago. 

The late George S. Fisher, Finleyville archaeologist, made excavations at the site and reported that the largest skeleton was seven feet five inches in length. The bones, unearthed in pieces, were put together and sent to the museum at Harrisburg. At a distance of 29 feet behind the mound, another terrace was apparently a place of sacrifice to the Deity. Here were found beads, knives, bear tusks, arrow points and clay ovens. 

Fisher, during his years as an Indian authority, excavated more than one thousand skeletons, claims this 1953 article in the local Pennsylvania newspaper. There were more than one hundred campsites marked in the immediate district and a number were not yet listed. 

GIANT SKELETON FOUND 
IN PETERSBURG, KENTUCKY 
DAILY NORTHWESTERN, 
OSHKOSH, WISCONSIN, JULY 8, 1886 
At Petersburg, Kentucky, twenty-five miles below here, an excavation for a new building has brought to light a peculiar find; it being a strange-looking Indian grave, the receptacle of which has been made of stone and clay, formed into a kind of cement, about three feet in height, and fully nine feet in length. 

Within the rude vault lay a giant human skeleton that measured seven feet, two inches, in length. The bones were all of large proportions, and the monstrous skull, with teeth perfect and intact, was more than half an inch thick at the base. 

A number of copper pieces, evidently worn for ornaments, a stone pipe, and a quantity of arrowheads were found with the decaying bones. 

AMAZING FINDS FROM EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY 
In the diary entry below, written in 1792, General John Payne reports uncovering an ancient burial ground along the banks of the Ohio River in Kentucky. A total of 110 skeletons were removed, the tallest measuring in at seven feet tall. 

Diary of General John Payne, 1792 
FROM THE NATURAL AND 
ABORIGINAL HISTORY OF TENNESSEE 
BY DR. JOHN HAYWOOD 
The bottom on which Augusta is situated is a large burying ground of the ancients. They have been found in great number and of all sizes. From the cellar under my dwelling, over 110 skeletons were taken. I measured them by skulls, and there might have been more whose skulls had crumbled into dust. The skeletons were in all sizes, from 7 feet to infant. Dave Kilgour, who was a tall and very large man, passed our village at the time I was excavating my cellar, and we took him down and applied a thigh bone to his. The man, if well-proportioned, must have been 10 to 12 inches taller than Kilgour. The lower jawbone would slip over his skin and all. 

A Survey of Archaeological Activity in Tennessee, 1835 
In the county of Williamson, on the north side of Little Harpeth, in the lands owned by Captain Stocket northwardly from Franklin, are walls of dirt running north from the river and east and west. 

In 1821 they were four or five feet high, and in length from the river between 490 and 300 yards. There is a ditch on the outside all around, four or five feet in width, partly filled up. Upon the soil, which has partly filled it up, are black oaks two feet or more in diameter. A spring of excellent water is in the middle of the enclosure and a branch runs from it into the river through the interval left by the wall of its passage. The enclosure contains 40 or 30 acres. 

Three mounds are in the inside, standing in a row north to south, and near the wall and ditch on the north side of the area. All these mounds are of nearly the same size. Within the enclosure are a vast amount of graves, all of them enclosed within rocks, and the bones are very large. James McGlaughlin, who is seven feet high, applied one of the thigh bones found there to his thigh, and it was three or four inches longer than his thigh. 

OHIO STATE GETS IN THE ACT 
The tight-lipped account below concerns a giant skull found by a museum curator from Ohio State University. This burial is interesting in that it combines several of the burial motifs previously discussed. First of all the skeleton was found inside a log hut buried in the mound. Second, the skeleton’s arms and legs were wrapped in half-inch-thick bracelets. Third, the skeleton itself was seven feet tall, with a skull twenty-five inches in circumference. 

HUT AND SKELETON FOUND 
IN BIG MOUND NEAR CHILLICOTHE 
OHIO DAILY GAZETTE, MAY 25, 1897 
Clarence Loveberry, curator of the Museum of Ohio State University, has made remarkable discoveries in a large Indian mound. He is excavating just outside the city limits. Several days ago he found a well preserved log hut in the interior of the mound, and yesterday he found a skeleton of the occupant of the log hut. 

The skeleton’s wrists were wrapped with copper cerements, indicating it to be that of a distinguished person. The skull was at least half-an-inch in thickness. 

SEVEN-FOOTER FOUND IN SALEM, OHIO 
HAMMOND TIMES, FRIDAY, JUNE 30, 1939 
Discovery of ancient skeletons and priceless relics in an Indian mound in North Benton, northwest of Salem, by two Alliance, Ohio mail carriers, has brought hundreds of visitors to the scene and attracted the attention of expert archaeologists. The two amateur archaeologists Roy Saltsman and Willis Magrath, made the excavation on the farm of John Malmsberry. After examining the mound, Richard G. Morgan, state archaeologist, declared that the work of the two Alliance men was the most important archaeological discovery in this section of the state in recent years. He estimated the age of the findings at more than 2,000 years old. 

One skeleton uncovered was that of a man, apparently a chief, estimated to have been seven feet tall, whose skull was 25 inches in circumference. 

Other findings included flint arrows, the stones of three sacrificial altars, spear heads, flake knives and beautifully wrought objects of copper. 

MASS GIANT BURIAL EVIDENCE OF BLOODY BATTLE 
This is one of many accounts that report a giant’s jaw was big enough to fit over that of a normal man. In this case the burial field was thought to contain between two and three thousand skeletons. 

History of Ashtabula County, 1800 
The graves were distinguished by slight depressions in the surface of the earth, deposited in straight rows. The number of these graves has been estimated to be between two and three thousand. Aaron Wright *2 made a careful examination of these depressions, and found them invariably to contain human bones, blackened with time, which upon exposure to the air quickly crumbled to dust. 

Some of these bones were of unusual size, and evidently belonged to a race aligned with giants. Skulls were taken from these mounds of which were of sufficient capacity to admit the skull of a normal man, and jawbones that may be fitted over the face with equal facility. The bones of the upper and lower extremities were of corresponding size. 

COPPER-HELMETED GIANTS RULE 
There have been a number of intriguing finds in Indiana over the years. The following article describes how an Indiana farmer found eight skeletons, one clad in copper armor, buried together in a circle. 

INDIANA’S EIGHT-FOOT GIANTS WORE COPPER ARMOR 
OAKLAND TRIBUNE, JANUARY 3, 1926 
Another discovery was made of eight skeletons, one clad in copper armor, buried in a perfect circle, made when the Logan Grays, a military group led by A. M. Jones, were conducting military exercises in 1888 on a small island on Eagle Lake near Warsaw, Indiana. Under a flat stone, they discovered a hole that led to the entrance to a secret cave with the skeleton of a 6'9" giant buried next to a stream that led to what was called a sacred pool. It is interesting to note that the dimensions of this secret room are almost identical to one described in Tennessee, i.e. 25 feet long by 15 feet wide by 8 feet deep, branching out at the middle to form two rooms. 

INDIANA GIANTS FOUND 
BONES OF AN INDIAN GIANT 
CINCINNATI COMMERCIAL, OCTOBER 7, 1888 
A member of the Logan Grays, the crack military organization of Logansport that held its encampment this year at Eagle Lake, near Warsaw stopped in this city on his way home from camp and told the following story of the discovery by the party of a cavern on an island in Eagle Lake; A.M. Jones rowed to a small island near the southwest corner of the lake and began digging for worms. 

He turned over a large, flat stone near a tree, and under it was a small hole, which was an entrance to a cave. Jones called the boys up, and we began an exploration of the cavern, which proved to be twenty five feet long, fifteen feet wide, and eight feet deep. The walls are of a natural formation of stone, branching out at the middle so as to form two rooms.

In the front room was the skeleton of a man six feet nine inches long. The bones were very large, indicating great strength. Along one side of the cave runs a small stream of water, as pure as crystal. In the front of it forms a small pool. In this were a number of bones. Old settlers in this vicinity of the lake claim that the skeleton is that of Eagleonkie, the giant Indian chief who lived alone on this island and mysteriously disappeared during a severe winter. The island was known after this chief and was once known as Giant Island. 

EXCAVATIONS AT ILLINOIS SITES IN 1891 
From 1891, we find this news report on skeletons found in the aptly named city of Carthage, Illinois. 

PERFECT GIANT SKELETON FOUND 
HAWK EYE, BURLINGTON, IOWA, SEPTEMBER 1, 1891 
No little excitement has been occasioned by the discovery on a farm near Carthage of several skeletons in a mound that are doubtless those of prehistoric people. In regard to this historic find the Carthage Republican newspaper will publish the following. 

The Sweeney Farm Mounds, located near the south line of the farm quarter, on Section Five, Carthage Township, have been a familiar landmark to the oldest citizens since, and the quarter was entered by Samuels in 1836, or thereabouts. 

Last Saturday afternoon the new owner of the Sweeney Farm Indian Mounds was plowing on one of his mounds when he hit a series of sandstone blocks. On the removal of several sandstone rocks embedded in the ground, the owner Mr. Felt procured a spade and proceeded to dig out the rocks with some difficulty. 

On the removal of these rocks there was revealed an almost perfect skeleton of a man of very large size. The authorities of Carthage College have secured permission to investigate the find to its fullest extent and Rev. Dr. Stephen D. Peet has been notified. 

CHICAGO TRIBUNE IN 1892 
CONFIRMS RACE OF GIANTS 
This definitive report states that the entire country lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, between Galena and Cairo, is honeycombed with Indian mounds. 

HUNDREDS OF BURIALS 
CHICAGO TRIBUNE, 1892 
Near Carthage, Illinois, about one year ago, a mound was plowed up and the bones, principally the skulls of human beings, were found in sufficient quantities to warrant the conclusion that hundreds of people had been buried there. From measurements taken of some of the skulls and principal bones, it was decided that the persons buried were of a race of giants. Some of the femur bones measured 19¼ inches, and the measurements of the skulls and other bones indicated that these people must have attained an average of seven to eight feet in height. 

The entire country lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, between Galena and Cairo, is honeycombed with Indian mounds and mounds that are believed to be the handiwork of a pre-historic race. Nansook County, especially in localities bordering the Mississippi River, is covered with evidences of Indian burials and their mounds are very numerous. Some interesting discoveries have been made. 

Some of the best descriptions of the finds of the mound builders are to be found in county and state historical society reports. This one from 1902 reports the discovery of fields of mounds along Lake Michigan, as well as along related rivers, creeks, and lakes, with the skeletons of giants uncovered measuring between seven and eight feet in height. 

The History of Lake County, Illinois, 1902 
These mounds were quite numerous along the rivers and in the vicinity of the inland lakes. That they were of great antiquity is evident from the fact that huge trees had come to maturity upon their summits and were awaiting the ax of the pioneer. 

Excavations of these piles of earth have revealed the crumbling bones of a mighty race. Samuel Miller, who has resided in this county since 1835, is authority for the statement that one skeleton, which he assisted in unearthing, was a trifle more than eight feet in length, the skull being correspondingly large, while many other skeletons measured at least seven feet. There were extensive burial grounds on the shore of Lake Michigan, mainly south of the Waukegan River, also at various points all through the county. Many of the skeletons found near the lake shore were of an unusually large size. 

THE LARGEST NEOLITHIC BURIAL SITE IN THE WORLD—THE DICKSON MOUNDS MUSEUM (ILLINOIS) 
In 1930, newspapers across the country ran half-page photos of more than fifty skeletons laid out on various dirt platforms in the middle of a large archaeological dig, led by the University of Chicago. It was a truly riveting photo and was used in many year-end features as one of the top stories and photographs of the entire year. Eighty-three years later, in a museum at the site, there is no mention of what was then called “the largest Neolithic burial site ever discovered in the world.” 

The story of Don Dickson and his mounds could serve as a microcosmic primer for many of the stories pertaining to the recovery of ancient bones and the true history of America. In this case, the political correctness fallout that resulted in the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) laws once again being misapplied eventually led to a once-thriving tourist destination being shut down and the skeletons it exhibited being buried by a local Indian tribe who have no genetic relation to the skeletons they claim to protect. 

To give a little background, Don Dickson, a chiropractor from Lewiston, Illinois, grew up on a farm about ninety miles south of Peoria that was intersected by the Illinois River. In 1927, Dickson was plowing on a hill near the river, and he broke through to a layer of clay and gravel that he immediately recognized as an ancient Indian burial. Dickson then spent the next two years excavating the site, most famously with the help of the University of Chicago in 1929 and 1930. 

What they found and how they left it became a national news story. In short, instead of removing 248 skeletons, they exposed them to the air by removing all the dirt surrounding them and leaving them in situ to be photographed and visited like some colossal ancient boneyard sideshow. In all, it was estimated that the site contained well over three thousand burials, and the University of Chicago was calling it the largest Neolithic burial site in the world. 
Fig. 2.6. Don Dickson (courtesy of Illinois State Museum) 

In the early 1930s, Dickson constructed a building to house the exposed skeleton field and opened the site to tourists. In the first year he had forty thousand visitors, and the whole venture became a national tourist destination, as people loved being able to see these large skeletons displayed in situ—though in all probability not in their original, and far more bizarre, burial positions. 

Dickson successfully ran the tourist operation until 1945, when he sold the mounds to the state of Illinois, who made the site part of their state museum system in 1965. The Dickson Mounds averaged about seventy-five thousand visitors a year, who were exposed not only to the skeletons, but also to a history lesson on the mound builders and their extremely ancient history in the area.

All of that came to an acrimonious end beginning in 1990, when Native Americans began to petition and protest that the site be shut down and sealed and that the skeletons should be reburied under NAGPRA, which was then brand new. The NAGPRA laws mandated that all Indian relics and skeletons be returned to their rightful tribal owners. After several years of battle in court revolving around ownership issues pertaining to the lack of genetic associations of the skeletons to the current local tribes, among other controversial subjects, the Indians won out and the mound exhibit was shut down and sealed in 1992. The site remained closed for the next two years, as the tribes involved reburied an undisclosed number of skeletons found at the site, which ultimately is known to have contained more than three thousand burials. 

When the “renovated” museum reopened two years later, without the open boneyard exhibit, interest in the site as a tourist attraction immediately disappeared, and although the site remains opened to this day, it generates very little interest from the public in regard to its new, cleaned-up, skeleton-free existence. 

SMITHSONIAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE 
DISAPPEARANCE OF GIANT SKELETONS 
FOUND IN WISCONSIN INDIAN MOUNDS 
It is hard to imagine today, but the historical record is filled with vivid descriptions of how Wisconsin and Minnesota were like the Nazca Lines of burial mounds, so it comes as no surprise that giants have been turning up there for a long time. 

This case covers the involvement of the Smithsonian at a Wisconsin site in the 1880s and a collection of ancient skeletons of giants called the Stoddard Collection, so it is of particular interest to our study of that museum’s long-standing policy of burying the evidence when it comes to proof of ancient giants ruling America in extreme antiquity. 

FIFTY SKELETONS UNEARTHED—REMAINS 
OF GIANT ABORIGINES DISCOVERED 
LA CROSSE TRIBUNE, NOVEMBER 4, 1912 
More than fifty skeletons of the ancient mound builders were unearthed Saturday from five mounds in the town of Stoddard, by a party of Normal students and professors, who made a special trip to investigate them. Valuable relics were also recovered that will be on exhibition at the Normal museum. 

The country around La Crosse has long been known as the center of Indian activities in centuries long past and as evidences of this fact there are many Indian mounds in this vicinity. 

About thirty years ago agents of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C., investigated several mounds in what is now the town of Stoddard. They unearthed much valuable material in the line of skeletons, arrow heads, and spear heads from the first few of a chain of a dozen mounds and at the present time there is in Washington a Stoddard Collection of Indian relics. 

Since that time Smithsonian officials have often considered opening more of the mounds but nothing has been done. Spurred on by the generous offer of A. White, who owns the ground on which are located five large mounds, to donate the contents to the Normal School Museum (apparently no help from Smithsonian officials), the Normal authorities recently took the matter up, and several local citizens generously provided a fund for the expenses of an expedition to unearth the contents. 

A SIX-FOOT, SIX-INCH SKELETON UNEARTHED 
Professors A. H. Sanford and W. H. Thompson of the University of Wisconsin Department of History, and L. P. Deneyer of the Geology Department, together with a company of thirteen students left on Saturday morning with shovels to examine the ancient graves. Professor Austin and some of his students surveyed and made a contour map of the field determining the dimensions of the mounds and the lay of the surrounding country. The expedition was of a scientific character, and the results of the investigations will appear in printed form. 

A large mound in the center, probably the grave of an Indian chief, was adjoined by two smaller ones on each side. The latter were investigated first and the efforts of the diggers were rewarded at once by the unearthing of a skeleton about five feet down, which measured six and a half feet in length. 

The skull was very large being eight inches in diameter from ear to ear. The teeth were well preserved, but the other bones quickly fell to pieces. The first mound yielded eleven skeletons. The second contained only charcoal and burned bones indicating cremation. 

EFFORTS YIELD MANY SKELETONS AND ARTIFACTS 
The middle mound, which was the largest, required much effort to excavate. More than twenty skeletons were found besides the bowl of a clay peace pipe, a copper arrow head, copper skinning knife, a sandstone spearhead, and several flint arrow heads. The fourth eminence yielded over twenty five skeletons, pieces of clay pottery, and a bear’s tooth. The last mound, after digging about six feet down, brought up a large spear point of quartz with a red coloring design on each side. Adjoining the White farmis property owned by Homer Hart of La Crosse on which are located several more mounds. 

GIANT INDIAN BONES: DISCOVERY OF AN 
EXTRA ORDINARY SKELETON NEAR FOND DU LAC 
FOND DU LAC BANNER, JUNE 6, 1899 
An Indian skeleton was dug up on the farm of Matt and Joseph Leon, one mile south of St. Cloud on Saturday. There is nothing strange in finding an Indian skeleton, but this one was a giant in size, his frame measuring seven feet. He must have been a man of note among his people, for he was buried in a large mound, sixteen handsome arrows surrounding his body. The skull was brought to this city and is on exhibition in one of the Main Street windows. 

THE WINONA, MINNESOTA, TEN-FOOT GIANT 
THE HISTORY OF WINONA COUNTY, 1883 
Indian mounds and relics are found in various parts of this township. Not long since, while some men were digging in Mineral Bluff, some one hundred and fifty feet above the river, a skeleton of unusual size was unearthed. On measuring, the skeleton was found to be ten feet in length, with other parts in proper proportion. In the skull was found a copper hatchet and a dart or arrow-head nine inches long. Another skeleton, nine feet long, was found in the village of Dresbach, while some men were digging a road or trench. These skeletons were of an unusual size to those generally taken from Indian mounds. Their size, form, and structure would lead those well versed in paleontology to believe they belonged to a race prior to the Indian. In many mounds have also been found copper hatchets, chisels, and various kinds of tomahawks and other weapons of war; also these antique races seemed to have had some process for hardening copper unknown to any modern process. 

Where they came from, when they lived, and from whence they have gone, is only conjecture and speculation. That they were mighty races, skilled in the mode of warfare, understanding the mechanical arts, for all these we have conclusive evidence. But of their final end we know nothing. 

DOCUMENTED DOUBLE DENTITIONS FROM IOWA 
Throughout the Indian lore of giants are also stories of skulls being found with double rows of teeth, called double dentitions. (See also “Double Dentitions”.) While there is often controversy regarding these claims, here is a modest and convincing story. 

DOUBLE-TOOTHED GIANT 
JOURNAL TRIBUNE, WILLIAMSBURG, 
IOWA, APRIL 27, 1900 
The discovery in Hardin County a short time ago by Joseph Booda and Elliot Charles Gaines of innumerable mound builders’ relics, and the subsequent finding, by other parties, of the remains of a man of the prehistoric period, have greatly interested scientists in other parts of the country, the chief among these being Curator Charles Aldrich, of the state Horticultural Society.

Assuring himself of the truthfulness of the various newspaper reports, Mr. Aldrich has arranged to be in Eldora next month and begin a careful and systematic exploration of some of the mounds in the vicinity, the legal permission having been obtained. 

In a large show window in Eldora for several days has been exhibited the skeleton of the man, which was found in a mound on the banks of the Iowa River, near Eagle City, six miles north. It has caused much interest and wonderment. Although well preserved, it is estimated that the skeleton is many centuries old. The skull is very large and thick, fully a quarter of an inch. A set of almost round double teeth are remarkably well preserved. They are yellow with age, are perfect in shape, and appear to have been double, both above and below. The femurs are very long showing a giant in stature. 

Dr. N. C. Morse, a prominent physician who examined the skeleton, pronounced it that of a person who had evidently been trained for athletics, as the extremities were so well developed. 

THE BOODA COLLECTION 
Joseph Booda, who has taken much interest in mound exploration, has a rare collection of implements of the stone age, all found near Eldora. Among these are pottery axes, arrows, beadwork, pestles, mallets, and, although he has offers for the collection, will not part with it, unless he may be induced by Curator Aldrich to loan the collection to the state, to be placed in the historical building in Des Moines when completed. 

GIANTS IN MIDDLE AMERICA 
IOWA GIANT: SEVEN FEET, SIX INCHES 
OAKLAND TRIBUNE, DECEMBER 20, 1925 
Out of a mound in Iowa was dug the skeleton of a giant who, judging from the measurement of his bones, must have stood six inches over seven feet high when he was alive. In another there was a central chamber containing eleven skeletons arranged in a circle with their backs against the walls. In the midst was a huge sea shell which had been converted into a drinking cup. 

GIANT IN MISSOURI 
OAKLAND TRIBUNE, JANUARY 3, 1926 
Within the last few weeks it has been reported from Missouri the discovery of the skeleton of a man who was a trifle more than seven feet, two inches tall. Frank Plumb, a student of archaeology who made the find, reported discovering inside the skull a pear-shaped stone such as the Mayas placed in the mouths of their dead. 

The article below, which appeared all over Texas and the nation in 1931, omits all information about the size of the skeletons in an obvious effort to hide the skeletons’ actual heights. It is standard practice for all archaeologists to give heights for any skeletons they discover.

INDIAN GRAVES ARE OPENED IN TEXAS 
TWENTY-FIVE HUMAN SKELETONS DUG 
UP AND GIVEN TO MUSEUMS 
REVIEW-MINER, JUNE 19, 1931 
Waco, Texas: Twenty-five complete human frames, those of Indian Braves and Squaws and their papooses with such of their possessions as have survived burial, have been unearthed near here and today are in the museums of three Texas schools. 

The twenty-five bodies were placed in the burial mound, each facing East, more than 100 years ago. They were discovered by Dr. K. D. Aynesworth thirty miles west of here in Coryell County. The mound was explored by The Department of Anthropology and Archaeology of The University of Texas. 

The first of the three layers of bodies was only 21 inches below the surface and the second layer was just below the first. The third tier was 36 inches deep. Beside the bodies of the women were the large rock bowls and the round-headed clubs they used to grind corn. Arrows and spearheads of flint were found near the bones of the men. One bone knife, ten inches in length, its back notched, was found by the side of one brave. 

THE BONES ARE DIVIDED AND GIVEN OUT 
The bones were divided between the State University at Austin; Baylor Women’s College at Belton; and Baylor University here. 

SMITHSONIAN RUSHES TO NORTH DAKOTA FIND 
MINNESOTA EVENING TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 18, 1963 
(Associated Press) Kathryn N.D.: The remains of an Indian woman, judged by some to be at least 1,000 years old, have been unearthed from a burial mound on the Vincent Zacharias farm four miles east of here. The skeleton was found about two feet below the surface. The body had been buried in a sitting position and nearly all the skeletal bones were found intact. 

Two men from the Smithsonian Institution visited the farm recently and made an analysis of the skeleton. They estimated the remains were those of an Indian woman about 23 to 25 years of age and that she had been buried about 1,000 years ago. 

ANOTHER DAM DESTROYS ANOTHER ANCIENT VILLAGE 
STANDARD EXAMINER, AUGUST 7, 1959 
Ogden, Utah: Evidences of a group of Utah natives who had no housing problems were uncovered by earth-moving machinery at the Willard Bay Dam this week. A bulldozer scraped off the top of an Indian mound in which artifacts and a human skeleton were found. Bureau of Reclamation men stopped work at the site and notified the University of Utah. 

James H. Gunnerson of the archaeology department of the university visited the area Tuesday with Robert Robinson of 665 Polk, a field engineer with the bureau. Mr. Gunnerson said the remains were those of a group of Pueblo-type Indians who inhabited the area from AD 1000 to 1200. 

“From signs and artifacts, there had been a village of several dirt houses at the site,” the Utah University man said. 

THEY WERE FARMERS 
The Utah scientists said these people were farmers, who raised corn, squash and beans. They had a certain culture, he said, which was indicated by a piece of broken pottery with a decorative line around its rim. 

The skeleton was complete, except for the skull. Mr. Robinson said that the scientists estimated the skeleton was that of an adult about 5 feet 10 inches in height, somewhat taller than average for this race of early Indians. 

An employee at the University of Utah yesterday quoted Dr. Gunnerson as saying the archaeology department has no plans for further exploration at the Willard dam site. 

THE DEATH VALLEY TEMPLE OF THE GIANTS 
This story from the Nevada News relates how Dr. F. Bruce Russell, following up on reports that the Smithsonian had hidden evidence of giants found in Death Valley, eventually uncovered a complex of thirty-two caves in a 180-square-mile area around the Nevada–California–Arizona border. Inside the complex of caves, he reported finding the skeletons of eight- and nine-foot giants dressed in animal skins that had been tailored into jackets and pants that resembled “prehistoric Zoot-suits.” Russell also reported finding hieroglyphics, extensive weapons, religious artifacts, and cooking utensils, and at the end of a hall leading from the main temple he said there was a room filled with the well-preserved remains of dinosaurs, saber-toothed tigers, imperial elephants, and other extinct beasts paired off in niches as if on display. 

ATLANTIS IN THE COLORADO RIVER DESERT 
NEVADA NEWS, 1947 
Near the Nevada–California–Arizona border area, 32 caves within a 180-square-mile area were discovered to hold the remains of ancient, strangely costumed 8–9 foot giants. They had been laid to rest wearing the skins of unknown animals similar to sheepskins fashioned into jackets with pants described as “prehistoric Zoot-suits.” The same burial place had been found 10–15 years earlier by another man who made a deal with the Smithsonian. The evidence of his find was stolen and covered up by Darwinian scientists. 

Dr. F. Bruce Russell had come to Death Valley from the east coast for the sake of his health. He had taken up mining in the west and was exploring across the Colorado River into Arizona. What he found he described as the burial place of a tribal hierarchy within the ritual hall of an ancient people. He felt that some unknown catastrophe had driven them into these caves. All of the implements of their civilization were there, including household utensils and stoves. Dr. Russell reported seeing hieroglyphics chiseled on carefully polished granite within what appeared to be a cavern temple. Another cave led to their sacred hall, which contained carvings of ritual devices and markings similar to those of the Masonic Order. A long tunnel from this temple led to a room where, Russell said, “Well-preserved remains of dinosaurs, saber-toothed tigers, imperial elephants, and other extinct beasts were paired off in niches as if on display.” 

Ten to fifteen years earlier the caves had been seen by another miner who had fallen from the bottom of a mineshaft. In his book, Death Valley Men, Bourke Lee related a conversation among residents of Death Valley concerning the local Paiute Native American legends of an underground city at Wingate Pass. After falling through the ceiling of an unknown tunnel, the miner had followed it 20 miles north of the Panamint Mountains to discover a huge ancient underground city. He saw arching stone vaults with huge stone doors and a polished round table in the center of their council chamber, which had once been lit by ingenious lights, fueled by subterranean gases. 

Leaning against the walls were their tall gold spears. He said that the designs on their thick golden armbands resembled the work of the Egyptians. The tunnel ended at an exit overlooking Furnace Creek Ranch in California’s Imperial Valley. He could see from there that the valley had once been underwater. The tunnel entrance had been a dock or a quay located halfway up the side of the mountain. A deal was made with the Smithsonian Museum for the find, but the miner was betrayed by his partner. The evidence was stolen and the entrance concealed. In a 1940 mining journal, another find was reported of much worked gold found in an 8 mile long cave near San Bernardino. 

University of Arizona professor Vine Deloria, himself a Native American, made a similar accusation against the Smithsonian for covering up the remains found within the burial mounds of the Mound builder civilization. Surviving diaries from before the time of Darwin attest to these discoveries. The Moundbuilders were a different civilization than that of the Indians, they said. The mounds contained the remains of hundreds of giants along with the bones of giant mastodons. In Cincinnati, Ohio, the giant bones were found with large shields, swords, and engraved stone tablets. In Kentucky and Tennessee the bones of “powerful men of towering stature” were excavated. One of these 7-foot men was buried with an engraved copper plate beneath his head. A woman was also found. She was wearing a silver girdle with letters written on it. The Detroit Free Press reported in 1884 the discovery in Gartersville, Mississippi, of the remains of a giant with waistlength jet-black hair. He was wearing a copper crown. With him in his timber burial vault were his children who wore garments decorated with bone beads. The tomb was covered with large flagstones engraved with inscriptions. In Cayuga Township, Niagara, there is a place called “The Cemetery of the Giants,” which was discovered in 1880. Those giants were nine feet tall and appear to have died violent deaths. Their axes were found with them. 

Giant bones were also unearthed from a rock fissure on Lake Erie Island. In some of the finds of giant bones, the bones lay in confusion as if left on a battlefield. The Smithsonian does display some artifacts of the Moundbuilders found with the bones of the giants: shell discs and carved stone beads. Many of the bones turned to powdery ash within a short time of being exposed to the air. The Smithsonian has been reluctant to test some less fragile finds. The late Vine Deloria said that it is because they “Might find a really early date for the bones” and that it would be distressing: distressing to their Darwinian time-line. 

SMITHSONIAN REMOVES 564 SKELETONS 
IN KERN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA 
FIND ALSO CONTAINS FOUR THOUSAND 
SPECIMENS OF ANCIENT INDIAN LIFE 
BAKERSFIELD CALIFORNIAN, MARCH 28, 1934 
More than 4000 artifacts and hundreds of Indian burials have been excavated at the site of the Tulamni Company lease near Taft during the past three and a half months. It was revealed here today with the announcement that the camp of workers, supported by federal funds, will all be dispersed by Friday. 

The archaeological projects, which have employed varyingly from 190 to the 26 men retained to make the final surveys, have been directed by Dr. W. T. Strong and W. M. Walker, assistant, from the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution with Dr. Edwin F. Walker as archaeologist and W. R. Wedel as assistant archaeologist. In the opinion of the directors, two more months could be spent excavating the Kern Indian Mounds. 

The artifacts uncovered, classified, and shipped to the Smithsonian Institution include mortar and pestles, flint points, bone tools, textiles, shells, and soapstone beads and other ornaments, stone vessels, and fragments of basketry. 

A total of 564 skeletons were uncovered in the burial mounds, of which 348 were taken from the first mound. Not all the skeletons found were considered good specimens. One of the last to be uncovered had been interred in a round hole with the body flexed grotesquely to make it fit the chosen grave. Three thousand specimens were uncovered in the first mound and 1,000 from the second mound, which was conceded to be much older in time than the first. 

DOCUMENTING THE FINDS 
A topography map of the mounds and the excavation area has been made by Pavey L. Stanley of Bakersfield, who headed one of the excavation crews, and it will be filed with the collection at the Smithsonian. 

Mr. Walker is returning to Washington D.C. and will study the local collection and write a report on the finds for the Smithsonian Institution that will make clear Kern County’s contribution to filling in the larger picture of pre-historic human life on the American continent. 

SKELETONS OF EARLY INDIANS 
ARE UNEXPECTEDLY UNEARTHED 
LOS ANGELES HERALD EXAMINER, JANUARY 20, 1930 
Students of early California history have turned their attention to the discovery of an early Indian burial ground near Carpinteria, uncovered unexpectedly by a crew of workmen making a cut through a cliff for a road to the beach. Some of the traditional Indian burial customs were revealed as the great steam shovel tore open the graves. The skeletons were found lying face down, foreheads resting on surfaced stones, with arrowheads, cooking utensils, and other articles buried with them. The story of the savages’ graves was related in Los Angeles by George A. McDonald, local broker, on whose property the burial ground was uncovered by a drilling crew engaged in running a road to the beach for oil-drilling work. 

SCORES OF SKELETONS 
For 80 feet from the place where a steam shovel started digging into the edge of the cliff, which drops straight to the ocean’s edge, skeletons of Indians were uncovered by the score, according to McDonald. In the majority of the graves the Indians were lying on their faces, their heads toward the west. In one grave a mother and her child were discovered, the mother had one arm half-circling the infant. Close by was the skeleton of a brave. Imbedded in his forehead was an arrow, one which undoubtedly struck him down during battle more than a century ago. 

Hundreds of arrowheads, a number of grinding and mixing bowls, and other articles were buried with the bodies. Many of the skulls have been removed from the property with the permission of the owner. When Roscoe Eames, drilling superintendent, encountered the old burial ground he immediately halted excavation and made a preliminary investigation. He asked McDonald for permission to continue, and given the right, resumed building the road to the edge of the cliff and throughout the entire distance turned up many of the skeletons. 

HUNDREDS OF SKELETONS, SOME STICKING OUT 
When word was received of the discovery at Carpinteria, classes from nearby schools were dismissed to visit the old burial grounds and to study the various finds. According to McDonald the cemetery may stretch many feet out and around the road under construction, and hundreds of skeletons probably would be found if that entire area were excavated. 

Parts of skeletons could be seen sticking out over the edge of the newly excavated portion of the road, and these were pulled out of the ground by members of the steam shovel crew and tossed in a heap. Sightseers removed the pieces. McDonald owns the property and for many feet into the ocean fronting the old burial ground. The oil well will be drilled out in the ocean and within a stone’s throw of the cemetery.

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