16
LAND ACQUISITIONS OF
AMERICA
COLONIES AND
PROVINCES
COLONIAL BOUNDARIES
The two primary companies forming the "invasion force" of settlers, as mentioned before, had been granted
lands in trust, for the purpose of forming the colonies, within distinct and clearly delineated boundaries. These
boundaries formed, essentially, those lines of demarcation which were to become known during the time of
the
Civil War, more than two hundred years later, as the North and the South.
The South had been settled and marked out first by the Virginia Company Charter:
THE SOUTH
2nd Charter-Virginia: 1609 This Charter granted the lands to the Company in trust "from a point two hundred miles south of Point Comfort to a point two hundred miles north of Point Comfort and west and northwest from sea to sea".
Assuming that the original Point (or Cape) Comfort was in the same place as "new" point comfort is in Virginia today (which point is about 30 miles form Jamestown, the first settlement), and given the fact that Point Comfort is at thirty seven degrees north, and the following figures:
one minute of arc (1') on the Globe = one nautical mile (1nm)
and 1I nm = 1.125 statute miles (mlis)
therefore 400 mlis = 355.5 nms
therefore 355.5 nms = 5.9259 Degrees of arc
while taking into account the inaccuracies of the charts in 1620, it is reasonable to assume that the limits of the colony would cover six degrees of arc,. therefore its latitudinal limits would be from thirty-four (34) degrees North to forty (40) degrees North of the equator, and from the east to the west coast of the continent, and subsequent charters and letters patent prove these calculations.
3rd Charter-Virginia: 1612
This charter extended the southern boundaries of the colony from thirty four degrees north to thirty degrees north, as well as extending the offshore boundaries from one hundred miles offshore to nine hundred miles offshore, but, again not including "within the bounds, limits or territories of the Northern Colony".
THE CHARTER OF
NEW ENGLAND OF 1620
By this charter of New England witnessed and signed on November 3, 1620,. the King and council in England granted ordained and established the territory of New England, which was to be;
The councils members were next mentions and appointed by the statement
"We will, ordain et."
Having outlined the boundary latitudes of the territory, the King then granted that territory to the Council of New England.
The next event concerning the New England colony is more popularly known and recited as too "Mayflower compact" and is reproduced here. While it has no direct bearing on the fortune of the of the New England Company, it has been argued by some that the descendants of this ill-organized "expedition" are the progenitors of the "elite" families of America today; those movers and shakers who comprise the "nebulous, all seeing, unseen (gray) "They".
This may be true, or it may not. The sad fact is that this shipload of people had set off to America under false pretenses, and the charade was continued only until eventually found out.
One important facet unknown to most and rarely recognized in historical documentation is members of this conspicuous expedition had embarked upon "a Voyage to Plant the first Colony in the Northern parts of Virgin," and these pilgrims had long before they began their journey, procured a contract for the use of land from the council of London for the Virginia Company.
By landing, not in Virginia, but within the percents and territorial boundaries of the New England Company they breached the terms of the contract, and with the creation and signing of the Mayflower Compact, completed, in their minds, the obviously intention of forming their own independent colony.
It is important to note that the ability to form a body politic was inherent only to the Kings, and to any body politic created by the king, or by any other subservient body politic.
In short, to be able to create a body politic you had to be either a king or a body politic, The pilgrims obviously did not and could not fit into this category, not one of the people could claim even a distant relation to the family of the Crown, nevertheless, they considered themselves empowered, and thereby declared themselves a body politic.
To add insult to injury, they also declared themselves subservient, first, to the colony, not to the king, primarily, or the Virginia Company, secondarily, to which they had to have already declared allegiance and subservience in order to receive the land contract.
THE UNION
The Second colony
New England : 1620
The second colony to be settled, as mentioned in the first charter of Virginia, was comprised of "certain Knights, Gentlemen and Merchants, and their Associates, in and about our cities of Bristol, Exxon, and our town of Plymouth, and other places: and was to be situated in that same area between thirty-eight (38) degrees and forty five (45) degrees north of the equator.
This company and body politic was created by the Charter of New England, of 1620, and was headquartered at Plymouth, England, and by this Charter of New England, the King and Council in England granted, ordained and established; "that all that Circuit, Continent, Precincts, and limits in America lying and being in breadth from forty degrees of Northerly Latitude from the Equinoctial line, [Equator], to Forty Eight degrees of the said Northerly Latitude, and in length by all the Breadth aforesaid throughout the Maine land, from sea to sea,...and to the end that the said territories may forever hereafter be more particularly known and distinguished....by that name of New England in America...and by that name to have continuance forever.
We will, ordain, constitute, assign, limit and appoint that from henceforth there shall be forever hereafter, in our town of Plymouth, in our County of Devon, one body politic and corporate, which shall have perpetual succession, which shall consist of the number of forty persons, and no more, which shall be, and shall be called and known by the Name the Council established at Plymouth in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering and governing of New England in America;"...[here the forty members of the new company are named)..."and that they, and the survivors of them, and such as the survivors and survivor of them shall, from time to time, elect and choose...when and as often as any of them or any of their successor shall happen to decease, or be removed from being of the said council...we do by these presents, for us, our Heirs and Successors, really and fully incorporate, erect, ordain, name constitute and establish, and that by the same name of the said council, they and their successors forever hereafter be incorporated, named and called, and shall by the same name have perpetual succession.."
The colonist managed, in the course of time and by unknown means, to receive letters of patents from the Plymouth Company, but could not get those letters patents confirmed by the King, and the colony was eventually absorbed and annexed under the commission to Sir Edmund Andros of 1688 and finally in to the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1691.
Spanish Lands
Each of the three above charters and the letters patent to Sir Robert Heath also contained a clause which, in effect, stated that although the King was granting the land in trust to the various parties through that particular Charter, such a grant could not, and did not, include any land already inhabited or held by any Christian Prince or King.
France and Spain had already laid claim to all the land west of the Mississippi River and Florida, and France also had claim on the land which today comprises a large chunk of Tennessee. Mississippi and Alabama. All the above named Charters granted the land in trust to the parties thereto between the parallels concerned. namely 30 North and 40 North to the Virginia Company, and from 40 North to 48 North to the Company of New England, so in each case, the land granted could, at most, extend from the eastern seaboard coast to. at most, the Mississippi River.
The patents to Bradford and the Company of the Mayflower, as mentioned above, were granted by the Plymouth council in 1629, parts of which were as follows;
Charter of the Colony of New Plymouth granted to William Bradford and his associates by the council established at Plymouth for the ruling and governing of New England in America.
January 10, 1629
It states that; by the authorities of His late majesty ________.
Six years later the members of the council for New England at Plymouth surrendered the charter of the New England Company..
Land Patent to Sir Robert Heath,
October 30, 1629
In this letter Patent it stated: "Know therefore that we...have given, granted & confirmed & by this our present charter to the said Sir Robert Heath. Knight, his heirs, assignees forever, doth give, grant and confirm all that river or rivulet of St. Matthew on the South Side, and all that river or rivulet of the great pass on the North side, and all the lands...within or between the said rivers...to the ocean upon the east side and so to the west so far as the continent extends itself and also all our islands of Bayous Brahma (now known as the Bahamas and Turks & Caucus Islands) and all other isles and islands which lie between the latitudes of 31 and 36 degrees of northern latitude..."
"To be held of us our heirs and successors Kings of England in chief by Knights service, by paying for it to us our heirs and successors one circle of gold fashioned in the form of a crown of the eight of twenty ounces...whensoever and as often as we, our heirs and successors shall enter the said region & also the fifth part of all the metals gold and silver which shall happen to be found."
"Know that we...by the fullness of our power...for us, our heirs and successors, we do erect and incorporate them into a Province and name the same Carolina, or the Province of Carolina, and the aforesaid Isles, The Carolinas Islands and so we will that in all times hereafter they shall be named,"
These Charters and letters Patent had, by 1629, formed the Colony of Virginia, and the Province of the Carolinas, later to become North and South Carolina, and what is known today as the states of Tennessee. Alabama. Georgia and Mississippi.
The Patent to Sir Robert Heath, Attorney General to the King, was revoked and declared void in 1663; the provisions called for by it and the covenants declared and agreed to in it had not been accomplished either by Heath or by his successors or assignees.
This revocation brought title and use of the lands of the Virginia Company back under the control of the Virginia company, and the title and use of the Bahamas. Turks and Caucus and other relevant Caribbean islands back into the hands of the English Crown.
The North, later referred to and known as the Union, was formed, predominantly through the Charter of the New England Company:
Surrender of the charter
of New England - 1635
Five years later, eleven years from their charter from the Plymouth Company and twenty years after their voyage, the same fate of the "Mayflower Company after years of legal wrangling concerning land titles: surrender is important to the purpose of this book and the document is reproduced in full:
The surrender of the
Plymouth Colony Patent by
William Bradford and others- 1640
The communications between the colonies and provinces of the northeast had reached a point where the various settlements and plantation were able to regularly keep in contact and where news of an event detrimental to the well being of one community could be communicated relatively quickly to its neighbor and, much like the situation in most village and small towns, the neighbors could quickly reach assistance to the unfortunate victim.
Such a system of mutual aid and assistance had to be agreed upon between the mass populous concerned, and the families of such a confederation for mutual defense and support, obviously, needed careful planning and organization.
The colonists and plantations of the New England Company formed such a confederation which was finally achieved with the signing of the articles of confederation of the United Colonies of New England on September 7th, 1643 at Boston, Massachusetts.
The Articles of Confederation of the
United Colonies of New England - 1643
The first suggestion for a union of the New England Colonies came from the magistrates and ministers of Connecticut in 1637. The proposal was renewed in 1638 and 1639; in 1640 the magistrates of Massachusetts Bay indicated acceptance of the proposal, but insisted that Rhode Island should not be admitted to the group.
In 1642 the civil wars in England led to a renewal of the proposal from Massachusetts Bay, and in May 1642. delegates from Plymouth. Connecticut and New Haven met with those of the Bay colony in Boston and agreed upon the articles of Confederation.
Rhode Island was consistently excluded from the Confederation. The union of the colonies of Connecticut and Hew Haven and the grant of a charter to Rhode Island practically put and end to the Confederation, but commissioners continued to hold meetings until 1684.
The Articles of Confederation between the Plantations under the Government of the Massachusetts, the Plantations under the Government of New Plymouth, the Plantations under the Government of Connecticut, and the Government of New Haven with the Plantations in Combination therewith:
The New England Confederation was formed in 1643 by four New England colonies. The confederation hoped to discourage attacks by New Netherland, other nearby colonies, and Indians.
The Thirteen Colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America. French territory lay to the north and west of the colonies, and Spanish territory lay to the south.
Commission of Sir Edmond Andros
of the Dominion of
New England April 7, 1688
This charter and appointment also allowed Andros to levy what ever taxes he saw fit to allow the issues of public money only by warrant or order of the Governor General (Andros).
Andros was also to create courts, and appoint judges, he was to create armed forces from the general populace, to build, fortresses and other fortifications for defense, and he was to make the courts to have jurisdiction over all maters, civil, criminal and marine.
This last order created the courts of admiralty to oversee cases of treasonous mutineers, or criminal transgression and courts under English Common Law for civil matters.
The commission of Andros set aside the Province of Pennsylvania, which, alone, included in the territory north of the 40th parallel, many lands being south of the 40th parallel used therefore in Virgins Company territory, and consolidated all other province and colonies northward to the St. Lawrence Seaway and then at the ocean into and under one governments.
It marked the last treaty or royal edict or letter of patents concerning the territory formerly of the New England Company, north of the 40th parallel. This later became known as the states of Maine. Vermont, Rhode Island. New York. New Jersey. Connecticut. Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.
The Southern Colonies,
Provinces and States
North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama & Mississippi After the revocation of the Letters Patent and Charter to Sir Robert Heath, King Charles II. by Charter for Carolina dated March 24, 1663, gave the same land, now named The Province of Carolina to eight (8) men:
"that we...have given, granted and confirmed...for us. our heirs and successors, do give, grant and confirm unto the said Edward. Earl of Clarendon. George. Duke of Albemarle, William. Lord craven. John. Lord Berkeley. Anthony. Lord Ashley. Sir George Carteret. Sir William Berkeley and sir John Colleton, their heirs and assigns, all that territory and tract of ground situate, lying and being within our dominions of America, extending from the north end of the island called Lucke Island, which lieth within the south Virginia seas, and within six and thirty degrees of the northern latitude, and to the west as far as the south seas [Pacific Ocean], and so southerly as far as the river St. Matthias [St. Matthew], which bordered upon the coast of Florida...to be holden of us, our heirs and successors forever...in free and common socage and not in capit, or by Knight Service, yielding and paying yearly to us, our heirs and successors the yearly rent of twenty marks of lawful money of England, at the feast of all saints, yearly, forever....also the fourth part of all gold or silver...which shall happen to be found".
The Charter of North Carolina of June 30, 1665 delineated a tract of land from thirty degrees north to thirty six degrees and thirty minutes (36 1/2 degrees) north, and from the east coast to the "south seas", and annexed that same tract to the northern part of the existing Province of Carolina and confirmed the western boundary of the Province as being the Pacific Ocean; it should not be forgotten, however, that the land claims of Spain and France as noted above.
This 1665 grant gave an effective northern boundary of the Province of Carolina which is today reflected in the northern borders of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee,
Most of the land which now comprises these three states was the territory of France, as noted above, and it was known as the Mississippi region until France ceded it to Great Britain in 1763.
Georgia
Georgia was formed by the Charter of George II for Georgia of June 9, 1732, in which was stated: "that we..do will, ordain, constitute, declare and grant that... [here follows a list of 19 men]... be and shall be one body corporate and politic in deed and by name in the name of the Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America...that they shall have perpetual succession...[and that] we do give and grant unto the said corporation...all of those lands, countries and territories situated, lying and being in that part of South Carolina...... which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah. all along the sea coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of...a river called the Alatamaha, and westerly from the heads of said rivers, respectively, in direct lines to the south seas [Pacific]."
South Carolina
In 1710 South Carolina became a separate Royal Province by decree of King George I after he had bought it back from the Proprietors (the original grantees of their heirs or assigns).
The Treaty of Paris Feb. 10, 1763
The Treaty of 1763 was signed on Feb. 10, 1763. It ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the French and Indian War in America. This treaty doomed French hopes for an empire in North America. Great Britain became the controlling power there and in India.
According to the terms of the Treaty of 1763, France gave all of what is now Canada to Great Britain. France received the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. and kept fishing rights off Newfoundland. Great Britain also received all French territories east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans, and Frances's trading centers in India.
Art. II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
Art. III. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.
Art. IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state, to any other state of which the Owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any state, on the property of the united states, or either of them.
If any Person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united states, he shall upon demand of the Governor or executive power, of the state from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence. Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the records, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other state.
Art. V. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the united states, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state, to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any lime within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the Year.
No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two. nor by more than seven Members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate. be capable of holding any office under the united stales. for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, tees or emolument of any kind.
Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the states, and while they act as members of the committee of the states.
In determining questions in the united states, in Congress assembled, each state shall have one vote.
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any Court, or place out of Congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
Art. VI. No state without the Consent of the united states in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, or alliance or treaty with any King, prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the united states, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the united states in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. No state shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the united states in congress assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress, to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the united states in congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the united states, in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state; but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage.
No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the united states in congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the united states in congress assembled, unless such slate be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the united states in congress assembled shall determine otherwise.
Art. VII. When land-forces arc raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment.
Art. VIII. All charges of war, and ail other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the united states in congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint.
The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several states within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.
Art. IX. The united states in congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article-of sending and receiving ambassadors-entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever-of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united states shall be divided or appropriated-of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.
The united states in congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following.
Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without shewing reasons, which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear to defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts of congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state, where the cause shall be tried, "wet! and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affection or hope of reward: provided also that no stale shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united states.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants arc adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the congress of the united states, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different states.
The united states in congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states-fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the united states.-regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the united states, and exacting such postage on the papers passing thro' the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office-appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the united states, excepting regimental officers-appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the united stales-making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.
The united slates in congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to be denominated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each state; and to appoint such other committees and sary for the defence and welfare of the united states, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the united states, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united states in congress assembled.
The congress of the united states shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united states, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six Months, and shall publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts (hereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each stale on any question shall be entered on the Journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcripl of the said Journal, except such parts as are above excepted to lay before the legislatures of the several states.
Art. X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall he authorised to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the united states in congress assembled, by the consent of nine stales, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states in the congress of the united states assembled is requisite.
Art. XI Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united states, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the fame, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states.
Art. XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and debts contracted by. or under the authority of congress, before the assembling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the united states, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said united states, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
Art. XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted lo them. And the Articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state.
AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union.
KNOW YE that we the under-signed delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress.
Done at Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania the ninth Day of July in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred and Seventy-eight, and in the third year of the independence of America.
The United States After the Revolution extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.
British territory lay to the north, and Spanish territory lay to the west and south.
The Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of 1783 ended the Revolutionary War in America. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay signed for the United States, and David Hartley signed for Great Britain on September 3. 1783.
The treaty established peace between Great Britain and the United States and formally recognized the United States.
The United States gained all the lands west to the Mississippi river, measuring from a point west of Lake of the Woods down to 31 degrees north latitude.
The treaty of 1783 also set the northern border for the United States territory. The United States received fishing rights in Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Both Great Britain and the United States received the right to use the Mississippi river.
The United States government agreed to recommend to the various states that they take measures to restore to the British Loyalists the lands taken from them during the war.
TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS
In the South
Almost all the lands which now comprise the States of Alabama. Mississippi. Tennessee. Florida and Louisiana were territories or possessions of either France or Spain, as noted in the previous chapter.
Once the land of the states of Tennessee. Alabama and Mississippi had been ceded to the British by the French in 1763, the following events took place, in chronological order, concerning:
Alabama
In 1783 much of what is now Alabama was ceded by Great Britain to the United States of America.
Tennessee
This region suffered several territorial disputes among the indigenous settlers, even to the point of having three of her counties unite to declare themselves a separate state, but to no avail as, in 1788.
North Carolina regained control of the region, and one year later, in 1789, it gave the Tennessee region to the United States of America.
Mississippi
In 1789 the Mississippi Territories were finally organized, sold by the British to, and made a part of, the United States of America.
Florida and Louisiana
Florida and Louisiana were both possessions and territories of Spain.
Louisiana
Louisiana was originally ceded to France by Spain through the Treaty of Ildefonso, of October 1, 1800, and France subsequently ceded it to the U.S. by the Treaty of Paris of 1803, which treaty is more commonly known as the Louisiana Purchase.
The terms of the purchase were that the United States would buy the land for the total price of sixty million francs, and the rate of exchange was set at 5.3333 francs per dollar. This gave the widely quoted price for the purchase at $11,250,000.
Cheap eh? Not quite..... The terms called for payment by means of stocks issued in the amount of $11,250,000, with interest at the rate of 6% per annum for fifteen years, thereafter the principal to be paid off in increments of not less than $3,000,000, per year. This gave a quite different amount when calculated out, as is shown overleat:
Item Description $ Costs $
Principal ............ 11.250.000
interest @ 6% for 15 years..............10.125.000
less $3,000,000 partial payment
interest on $8,250,000 for 15th year..... 495.000
less $3,000,000 partial payment
interest on $5,250,000 for 16th year .....315.000
less $3,000,000 partial payment
interest on $2,250,000 for 17th year..... 135.000
Sub total Purchase Cost.................$22,320,000
and this was not paid out in one large chunk, it was paid over seventeen (17) years!
Also add to that the amount of $3,750,000 which the United States agreed to pay to those who had claims and grievances against the United States, and the total comes to twenty six million and seventy thousand Dollar.
(1803) Louisiana Purchase Price
= $26,070,000.00
The Act of Congress which created this Stock and approved the purchase was passed on November 30, 1803.
One last note to add to the events of the Louisiana Purchase, at the time of the negotiation for the Louisiana purchase a member of the Bourbon family of France handled them.
You will recall it was around this timeframe that France was having great problems and the rightful heirs to the once throne of France had been murdered and Napoleon was the Empire but was not entitled to sell nor receive the money paid for the Louisiana Purchase.
The United States paid for the purchase into a bank in England because the Royal family of England was related to the Bourbon and Hapsburg families of France and Austria, so the money was believed to have been paid into a bank in England for the former Royal family of France to receive it in England.
Florida
Florida was originally owned by Spain, and came into the hands of the United States by two Treaties with Spain.
The first Treaty of 1795, as noted in Volume 8 of the Statutes at Large, on pages 138-153 of the 1848 edition, and it, among other things, mutually agreed to a boundary between the U.S. and the eastern Spanish territories of what is now Florida.
This border followed the current border between Alabama and Georgia and Florida, from the Perdido River along the thirty-first parallel to the Chattahoochee River, south to where today stands the Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, then in a straight line south of east to a point about three miles north of Moniac, in the Okefenokee Swamp, then down on the St. Mary's River, south and east to the Atlantic ocean.
The second Treaty concerning Florida was concluded in 1819, and it ceded all parts of Florida, both east and west of the Mississippi to the United States.
The eastern part was mentioned in the Treaty of 1795 as noted above.
The western part was far larger. The description of the western lands which were ceded to the United States in Article 3 of the 1819 Treaty was as follows:
"Article III"
The boundary line between the two countries, west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that river, to the 32d degree of latitude; thence, by a line due north, to the degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches. or Red River; then following the course of the Rio Roxo westward, to the degree of longitude 100 east from London and 23 west from Washington; then, crossing the said Red River, and running thence by a line due north, to the river Arkansas: thence following the southern bank of the river Arkansas, to its source, in latitude 42 north; and thence, by that parallel of latitude, to the South Sea...
The parties agree to cede and renounce all their rights, claims and pretensions to the territories described by the said line, that is to say: The United States hereby cede to His Catholic Majesty, and renounce forever, all their rights, claims and pretensions to the territories lying west and south of the above described line; and, in like manner. His Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States, all his rights, claims and pretensions to any territories east and north of the said line, and for himself, his heirs and successors, renounces all claim to the said territories forever."
At the time of the conclusion and signing of this treaty of 1819, all the lands which now comprise Montana, most of Wyoming, a third (1/3) of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, most of Kansas, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, most of Mississippi and most of Alabama as territories and possessions of the Corporation and Body Politic headquartered in Washington. D.C-- The United States of America.
Kentucky
Kentucky was created out of the Commonwealth of Virginia by the Act entitled "An Act creating Kentucky as an Independent State" which was passed by the Virginia Legislature on December 18, 1789.
The Oregon Territories
Washington, Oregon and Idaho
The parameters marking this territory are now found in the Southern. Eastern and Northern borders of Idaho, the Northern border of Washington State, and the southern border of Oregon state.
The conventions with Great Britain of 1818 and 1846 set the northern boundary with what is now Canada at the 49 parallel, and this followed eastward across the tops of Montana, North Dakota and Minnesota to lake of the Woods, thence down the Rainy River and through the many lakes, finally to follow the track of the Pigeon river to Lake Superior, exiting to the Pacific Ocean through the middle Puget Sound, allowing Canada to retain Vancouver Island.
The Government of this Territory was set up in the Thirtieth congress. First Session in 1848, and the second Session of the Thirty Second Congress formed the Territorial Government of Washington in 1853, noting that the border between Oregon in the south and Washington in the north should be from the Pacific Ocean through the center of the Columbia River eastwards to the town of Walla Walla, on the forty sixth degree of latitude, thence eastwards along the 46th parallel to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.
Expansion in the Mid-1800's extended the nation westward to the Pacific Ocean. The Oregon Country was ceded to the U.S. by Britain. The rest of the new territory came from Mexico.
The Civil War (1861-1865) split the nation into two parts the Confederacy and the Union. The Confederacy was made up of 11 Southern States that withdrew from the Union in 1860 and 1861.
Territories and Possessions
In the Union
Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio
The lands to the east of the Mississippi and to the northwest of the river Ohio were ceded to The United States of America by the deed of cession of March 4, 1794 wherein it was stated "we..by virtue of the power and authority committed to us by the act of the said General assembly of Virginia...[of October 20, 1783]....and in the name, and on the behalf of, the said Commonwealth do, by these presents, convey, assign and make over to The United States in Congress assembled...all right, title and claim, as well of soil as of jurisdiction...the territory or country within the limits of the Virginia charter [40 degrees to 48 degrees north], situate, lying and being to the northwest of the river Ohio, to and for the uses and purposes, and on the conditions of the said recited Act."
The United States in Congress Assembled subsequently, in Article V (5) of the Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio, dated July 13, 1787 stated:
"There shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States: and the boundaries of the States....shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The western State, in the said Territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash Rivers: a direct line drawn from the post Vincennes. due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada....the middle States shall be bounded by the said direct line the Wabash from Post Vincennes to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line: the eastern State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania and the said territorial line: And...if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of and east and west line drawn through the southerly bend of extreme of Lake Michigan."
The same treaty of 1819, which ceded "East Florida" to the United States, also ceded "West Florida", (west of the Mississippi) to the United States. "West Florida" was much larger. The description of these western lands ceded to the United States in Article III of the 1819 Treaty was as Follows:
Including Louisiana and New England and the Spanish Territories.
It included all eastern states. Louisiana. Oklahoma except for the handle, to the North east corner of Colorado most of Wyoming and Montana up to the 48th parallel.
The Republic of Texas and the United States Act approved on September 9, 1850 of the Thirty First Congress The Treaty with Mexico December 30, 1853
The Gadsden Purchase ended the Mexican War in 1848 left some doubt about the western part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States.
To clear up this question, and also to provide the United States with a good southern railroad route to the Pacific Coast, the government bought from Mexico a strip of land that included the region south of the Gila River in what is now Arizona and New Mexico. The United States paid $10 million for the 29.640 square miles in the purchase. Territory in the Gadsden Purchase.
Soon after the new incorporation of the company of the United States of America a proposal for a "federal town" for the deliberations of the Continental Congress were made in 1789. John Adams, presiding officer of the Senate, cast the deciding vote of that body for Germantown, Pa. In 1790 Congress compromised by making Philadelphia the temporary capital for 10 years. The former and still present Virginia Company members of the House wanted a capital on the eastern bank of the Potomac; they were defeated by the Northerners, while the Southerners defeated the Northern attempt to have the nation assume the war debts of the 13 original states, the Assumption Bill fathered by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton and Jefferson arranged a compromise; the Virginia men voted for the Assumption Bill, and the Northerners conceded the capital to the Potomac. President Washington chose the site in October of 1790 and persuaded landowners to sell their holdings to the new government at about $66, an acre. These areas of land that Washington chose were about 30 square miles of land west of the Potomac. The city's present territory had belonged to Maryland, and the land west of the river was part of Virginia. The two states turned over the territory to the federal government a corporation and body politic.
WHERE IS THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA?
The corporation of the "United States of America" all big letters only occupies 68 square miles which is today known as Washington the District of Columbia.
This is a most important fact to always remember. Everything outside of this 68 square miles is not as you have been lead to believe the "United States of America" it is the "united States" of America.
WHY CAN THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT CONTROL YOU THEN?
Because you don't understand verbiage, its all in the semantics, you know. We will cover a couple of ways they have made you become a part of their controlling corporation and body politic. They have placed you under contract, and you are unknowing of this action by this corporation. You have agreed to the rules of their system. And over and over again you have signed your rights away. For example:
U.S. citizen means the United States Corporation has jurisdiction over you or kingship ruler. This goes back to the English control. The way it should be is states in this type of verbiage; I am a citizen of the united states. Now you have jurisdiction over the United States or Kingship, you have not given your freedom and power away to a corporation or system that you do not want to be controlled by.
Since 1938 they have been giving people false promises and tricking people into becoming a card carrying member of their system, (the United States), by first telling you it is voluntary to joint the Social Security System and now it has become damn near mandatory to do anything you have to have a Social Security System Card, that number is required to get a drivers license, a bank account, get into school, get a passport and the list goes on and many call it part of the mark of the beast.
For example paying taxes to the Internal Revenue and the military draft is voluntary, if you sign away your rights by applying for a social security number, you are now a part of their system, the United States of America, and must play by their rules.
When you sign for the social security number you also give the system of the United States Government jurisdiction over you anywhere in the world.
You are no longer a free man, you gave that right away when you applied for that number. Many of us have been placed into this system by our parents, who didn't know what they were putting their child into.
Parents nowadays are not able to use children as tax deductions unless the child has a social security number. There after the child or even and uninformed adult is placed into a system of control by "Fraud".
DO THEY MEAN THE SAME THING?
The very first thing you must do is look at a statute (law created by men) that uses the term "United States" is a metaphor. In other words, it can mean more than one thing, depending on how it is used. ( Cunard S. S. Co, vs. Mellon, 262 US 100, pg. 122.) I will not quote any of the cases, but will only give you the cities (case#), unless it is imperative that I quote from the case. The term "united States" can have more than one meaning. It is referred to in Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Ed., pg. 1375. and the Supreme Court States:
"The term "United States" may be used in one of several senses. It may be merely the name of a sovereign in a family of nations. It may designate territory over which sovereignty of the United States extends, or it may be a collective name of the States which are united by and under the Constitution." -Hooven & Allison Co. vs. Evatt, 324 US 652, pg. 672 & 673.
When looking at statutes, one must look at what the Supreme Court said with reference to understanding a statute;
"The starting point in any endeavor to construe a Statute is always the words of the Statute itself; unless Congress has clearly indicated that its intention are contrary to the words it employed in the Statute, this is the ending point of interpretation."Richards vs. United States, 369 US 1, 9, 82 S. Ct. 585, 590, 7 I. Ed. 2nd. 492(1962).
We now go to the Federalist Papers which explain what the words expressed in the Constitution meant by the very people who helped write them. They are explaining intent.
Both the Federalist Papers and the Constitution are in plain English and contain no legal jargon, so they cannot be misunderstood.
You must read Federalist Paper 39 wherein it states"... first in order to ascertain the real character of the government, it may be considered in relation to the foundation...(preamble)., on which it is to be established;....". Now comes the hard part. In Federalist Papers 1 through 7 the term "United States" is never mentioned except for the first sentence in Federalist Paper No. I. The Framers spoke only of America which was the thirteen colonies (States) as there was no United States.
These Framers were the People of the Colonies. They were telling the people of America that they were going to form a more perfect Union by creating, first the United States, which was not one of the Colonies, but a separate entity in itself.
To prove this, the last eight words of the preamble ("this Constitution for the United States of America") explains it, wherein they stated that they were going to establish a Constitution for the entity called the United belonging to America. If you have a hard time grasping what I am saying, then look up the word "of in the dictionary. Does it not say "belonging to"? It also means "Origin." Remember, America, the States of the Union, cannot and does not belong to the united States which was formed by the Framers (people of america who were calling themselves at that time "We the People of the United States, "for they equated themselves as the origin of the United States. Look up the definition of "United States" in Bouvier's 1870 Dictionary. In this instance, the word "of means origin. They did not say "We the People of the united States of America," did they?
They did create a Constitution (or Contract) FOR the United States which belongs to (of) America. America is the Union of States united by and under the Constitution, as the Hooven Court stated, that ratified the contract in which it was understood the States gave only limited rights which were enumerated (spelled out) in the main body of the Constitution.
Federalist paper # 15 proves my above statements. "The great and radical vice in the construction of the existing Confederation is in the principle of LEGISLATION for STATES for GOVERNMENT, in their CORPORATE or COLLECTED CAPACITY, as contradistinguished from the INDIVIDUALS of whom they consist."
Though this principle does not run through all the power delegated to the Union, yet it pervades and governs those on which the efficacy of the rest depends. Except as to the rule of apportionment, the United States have an indefinite discretion to make requisitions for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either by regulation extending to the individual citizens of America.
Now let us move to a modern-day definition. In a Tax case cited as Moore vs. U.S., 87-1 USTC 9848: "MEMORANDUM ORDER AND OPINION....Defendant United States of America ("United States") has filed...." Here again is proof that the term United States of America, in plain English, means the United States, and not the 50 States of the Union (has filed, not have filed!).
Since you can define the United States three ways you had better be sure how the term United States is being used. Are you a Citizen or citizen?
1. I am a Citizen of the United States like you are a Citizen of China. Here you have defined yourself as a National from a Nation with regard to another Nation.
2. I am a United States Citizen. Here you have defined yourself as a person residing in the District of Columbia, one of its Territories, or federal enclaves (area within a Union State) or living abroad, which could be in one of the States of the Union.
3. I am a Citizen of these United States. Here you have defined yourself as a Citizen of one of the 50 States united by and under the Constitution.
The way to make statement #3 grammatically correct is, "I am a Citizen of these united States."
This would be as it was written in the Declaration of Independence, providing you get a copy of the Original Document. What is now printed in the books has been changed to a Capital "U" for united.
One other way #3 can be stated is; I am a Citizen of the united States.
When you use the term United States, it can be plural or singular. This phrase; "Every person born or naturalized in the defines the United States in its singular form because of the work"its."
This is found in 26 CFR 1.1-1 (c) which is a United States regulation, that cannot be used on an American citizen. See Hamilton Fed. Paper #15 supra. Citizen with a small "c" denotes and inferior subject to the capitalized United States, which is a proper Noun. Also for the United States to be plural the phrase would have to state, ".... and subject to their jurisdiction..." Notice how nicely the people who write the tax laws use correct and proper English. Most Americans don't bother to sit down with Congress' definitions and find out how the exact words are used in the Taxing Statutes.
The definitions used in 26 USC or 26 CFR are very clear in defining State and United States. In every definition that used the work "include," only the words that follow are defining the Term. For example:
SEC. 3121 (e) (1) "State. The term "State" includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam and American Samoa."
SEC. 7701 (a) (9) "United States. The term "United States" when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia."
The Government has used these definitions correctly but people assume they mean the 50 States of the Union (American) when they look at the word States in 7701 (a) (9). You cannot use common everyday usage of the words "United States" or "State" when talking about the Tax Laws.
Please go to your Library and pick up the Omnibus Acts. They can be found by looking up 86th Congress volume 73, 1959, volume 74, 1960. These are Public Laws 86-70, 86-624. This points out the crafty way the Government uses correct English and how Congress changes words by using their definitions, because all the United States codes had to be changed to allow Alaska and Hawaii to join the Union of States, a glaring example is when Alaska joined, congress added a new definition, that being, "Continental United States."
"Sec. 48. Whenever the phrase "continental United States" is used in any law of the United States enacted after the date of enactment of this Act, it shall mean the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia, unless otherwise expressly provided."
When is it expressly provided?
"Sec. 22(a) Section 2202 of the Internal Revenue code of 1954 (relating to missionaries in foreign service), and section 3121 (e) (1), 3306 (j), 4221 (d) (4), and 4233 (b) of such code (each relating to a special definition of "State") are amended by striking out "Alaska."
"(b) Section 4262 (c) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (definition of "continental United States";--The term "continental United States" means the District of Columbia and the "States" other than Alaska and Hawaii.
WHAT ARE THE STATES OTHER THAN ALASKA AND HAWAII? They certainly can't be the other 48 States united by and under the Constitution, because Alaska and Hawaii just joined them, Right? The same definitions apply to the Social Security Acts. So what is left, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, etc. These are the States of (belonging to) the United States and are referred to as "the States of the United States." Do not confuse this term with States of the Union, remember what the word "of means.
Congress can change the definition of United States for two sentences and then revert back to the definition it used before the two sentences. This is what they did in Public Law 86-624, pg. 414, under School Operation Assistance in Federally affected areas (d) (2):
"The fourth sentence of such subsection is amended by striking out "in the continental United States (other than Puerto Rico. Wake Island, Guam, or the Virgin Islands)" and by striking out "continental United States" in clause (ii) of such sentence and inserting in lieu thereof "United States (which for purposes of this sentence and the next sentence means the fifty States and the District of Columbia)." The fifth sentence of such subsection is amended by striking out "continental" before "United States" each time it appears therein and by striking out (including Alaska)."
Now since typewriters could be purchased from the areas that just joined the Union, according to Title 1. Congress had to use a term that is NOT used in the Internal Revenue Code.
"Sec. 45. Title 1 of the Independent Office Appropriation Act, 1960, is amended by striking out the words "for the purchase within the continental limits of the United States of any typewriting machines" and inserting in lieu thereof "for the purchase within the STATES OF THE UNION and the District of Columbia of any typewriting machines."
Another point brought out by the Omnibus Acts is that Selective Service Sec. 36 Section 16 (b) does not apply to the 50 States of the Union.
Does this prove that lack of knowledge will keep you in chains?
AN ANALOGY TO THE ABOVE
This would be like saying, "the dog's bone." You haven't defined whose bone it is. It could belong to the dog next door, but drop the letter "s" from dogs, put in "and it's." (i.e.. and it's the dog bone) then it's no question that it belongs to A dog. But what dog, yours or the one next door.
Now have you assumed the bone I'm talking about is a bone a dog would eat? Could be, because I haven't defined the type of bone it is, have I?
The United States is a proper noun ending in "S" so the "S" is not dropped when made a singular noun. I won't do your thinking for you. but look what Congress did in 26 CFR 1-1.1 A, B & C.
I never say I am a United states citizen. Since citizen in this case is used in 26 CFR ! 1-l (c), it means you are subject to its (United States) jurisdiction since you are deemed to be a citizen "of the U.S.. residing "at Home" (D. C.) or residing abroad.
Remember. Congress can and does define any term to its liking as long as it serves their purpose. A grey elephant today can be defined as a pink elephant tomorrow, so don't argue that it's a grey elephant in court the day after tomorrow.
Have you ever heard the President being introduced on TV or at any public function as "the President of the United States of America?
NO? Why not?
Who does he preside over?
Does the Governor of your State ask Bush to OK a final Bill that he just signed?
Here are the facts concerning the term "United States" used in the Tax Laws:
1. "United States" docs not mean the fifty States of the Union, unless Expressly stated.
2. "United states" means areas within the fifty States of the Union which are ceded to the "United States."
3. "United state"means the possessions which are states of Guam, american Samoa. Puerto Rico, and the (American) Virgin Islands.
4. Both 2 and 3 are called "states" and are not to be confused with States of the Union.
5. "United States" are; Congress assembled, at home (the seat of Government), District of Columbia and its territories (called states) and possessions (ceded areas).
6. "United States" citizen does not mean a Union State Citizen. Fact number 5 "at home," as used in the first Income Tax Act of 1913, means the east of Government as defined in dictionaries at that time. You will not find the term "at Home" in modern-day dictionaries. What are Ceded areas? Look in your State Statues for the areas which your State ceded (turned over) to the United States. For example:
New Jersey Statute Annotated. Title 52. Chapter 30. Sec. 1.2. & e. General Laws of Idaho Annotated. Chapter
7. Sec. 58701. 702. 705. Missouri Statutes, chapter 12, Sec. 12.010. 020. 030. & 040. Constitution of the State of Texas, Art. 16. Sec. 34, & Revised Civil Statute, Title 85, Art. 5242 to 5252.
Why all this confusion over the simple term "United States?" Everybody knows that the District of Columbia is not a State like the 50 States of the Union, and yet it is referred to in all the United States Codes as a "State."
This is why:
"The District of Columbia is not a "state" within meaning of the constitution." - U.S. vs. Virginia, 1805
"Under Act of Congress of 1801, 2 Stat. 103, assuming the government of the District of Columbia in virtue of the secession from Maryland and Virginia, the laws of those states and the proceeding in their courts as parts of those laws were recognized within such portion of the district respectively, as originally were within the limits of the ceding states." - U. S. vs. Eliason, 41 U.S. 291, 16 Peter 291,10 L Ed. 968
"The corporation which 16 Stat. 419 created by the name of the District of Columbia succeeded to the property and liabilities of the corporations which were thereby abolished." District of Columbia vs. Cluss, 103 U. S. 705, 26 L Ed. 445
The District of Columbia is a corporation (and body politic) which is also known as "United States." It must have its own definition for "State" since it and the Territorial states (Guam, etc.) were not formed by and under the Constitution. Since it is the Primary State owning Guam, Puerto Rico, etc., it is referred to a "States" in Income Tax and Social Security laws, as well as all other Codes of the United States.
How are these states lumped together with the 50 American States in the Internal Revenue Code when they cannot be classed as States under the Constitution? Use the word "means," because to use "includes" as defined in IRS is restrictive. An example. Sec. 6103 (b)(5) States;
"The term State means any of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands."
In the spoken form you must ask the person who is asking the question to define the way they are using the term "United States" such as Is it the 50 States of the Union united by and under the constitution, is it the District of Columbia and its Enclaves & Possessions, or are you referring to the Nation? Remember, this Article deals only in defining the tennis "United States", "united States" and "America".
Next
THE ILLUMINATI GOING TO AMERICA
The South had been settled and marked out first by the Virginia Company Charter:
THE SOUTH
2nd Charter-Virginia: 1609 This Charter granted the lands to the Company in trust "from a point two hundred miles south of Point Comfort to a point two hundred miles north of Point Comfort and west and northwest from sea to sea".
Assuming that the original Point (or Cape) Comfort was in the same place as "new" point comfort is in Virginia today (which point is about 30 miles form Jamestown, the first settlement), and given the fact that Point Comfort is at thirty seven degrees north, and the following figures:
one minute of arc (1') on the Globe = one nautical mile (1nm)
and 1I nm = 1.125 statute miles (mlis)
therefore 400 mlis = 355.5 nms
therefore 355.5 nms = 5.9259 Degrees of arc
while taking into account the inaccuracies of the charts in 1620, it is reasonable to assume that the limits of the colony would cover six degrees of arc,. therefore its latitudinal limits would be from thirty-four (34) degrees North to forty (40) degrees North of the equator, and from the east to the west coast of the continent, and subsequent charters and letters patent prove these calculations.
3rd Charter-Virginia: 1612
This charter extended the southern boundaries of the colony from thirty four degrees north to thirty degrees north, as well as extending the offshore boundaries from one hundred miles offshore to nine hundred miles offshore, but, again not including "within the bounds, limits or territories of the Northern Colony".
THE CHARTER OF
NEW ENGLAND OF 1620
By this charter of New England witnessed and signed on November 3, 1620,. the King and council in England granted ordained and established the territory of New England, which was to be;
The councils members were next mentions and appointed by the statement
"We will, ordain et."
Having outlined the boundary latitudes of the territory, the King then granted that territory to the Council of New England.
The next event concerning the New England colony is more popularly known and recited as too "Mayflower compact" and is reproduced here. While it has no direct bearing on the fortune of the of the New England Company, it has been argued by some that the descendants of this ill-organized "expedition" are the progenitors of the "elite" families of America today; those movers and shakers who comprise the "nebulous, all seeing, unseen (gray) "They".
This may be true, or it may not. The sad fact is that this shipload of people had set off to America under false pretenses, and the charade was continued only until eventually found out.
One important facet unknown to most and rarely recognized in historical documentation is members of this conspicuous expedition had embarked upon "a Voyage to Plant the first Colony in the Northern parts of Virgin," and these pilgrims had long before they began their journey, procured a contract for the use of land from the council of London for the Virginia Company.
By landing, not in Virginia, but within the percents and territorial boundaries of the New England Company they breached the terms of the contract, and with the creation and signing of the Mayflower Compact, completed, in their minds, the obviously intention of forming their own independent colony.
It is important to note that the ability to form a body politic was inherent only to the Kings, and to any body politic created by the king, or by any other subservient body politic.
In short, to be able to create a body politic you had to be either a king or a body politic, The pilgrims obviously did not and could not fit into this category, not one of the people could claim even a distant relation to the family of the Crown, nevertheless, they considered themselves empowered, and thereby declared themselves a body politic.
To add insult to injury, they also declared themselves subservient, first, to the colony, not to the king, primarily, or the Virginia Company, secondarily, to which they had to have already declared allegiance and subservience in order to receive the land contract.
THE UNION
The Second colony
New England : 1620
The second colony to be settled, as mentioned in the first charter of Virginia, was comprised of "certain Knights, Gentlemen and Merchants, and their Associates, in and about our cities of Bristol, Exxon, and our town of Plymouth, and other places: and was to be situated in that same area between thirty-eight (38) degrees and forty five (45) degrees north of the equator.
This company and body politic was created by the Charter of New England, of 1620, and was headquartered at Plymouth, England, and by this Charter of New England, the King and Council in England granted, ordained and established; "that all that Circuit, Continent, Precincts, and limits in America lying and being in breadth from forty degrees of Northerly Latitude from the Equinoctial line, [Equator], to Forty Eight degrees of the said Northerly Latitude, and in length by all the Breadth aforesaid throughout the Maine land, from sea to sea,...and to the end that the said territories may forever hereafter be more particularly known and distinguished....by that name of New England in America...and by that name to have continuance forever.
We will, ordain, constitute, assign, limit and appoint that from henceforth there shall be forever hereafter, in our town of Plymouth, in our County of Devon, one body politic and corporate, which shall have perpetual succession, which shall consist of the number of forty persons, and no more, which shall be, and shall be called and known by the Name the Council established at Plymouth in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering and governing of New England in America;"...[here the forty members of the new company are named)..."and that they, and the survivors of them, and such as the survivors and survivor of them shall, from time to time, elect and choose...when and as often as any of them or any of their successor shall happen to decease, or be removed from being of the said council...we do by these presents, for us, our Heirs and Successors, really and fully incorporate, erect, ordain, name constitute and establish, and that by the same name of the said council, they and their successors forever hereafter be incorporated, named and called, and shall by the same name have perpetual succession.."
The colonist managed, in the course of time and by unknown means, to receive letters of patents from the Plymouth Company, but could not get those letters patents confirmed by the King, and the colony was eventually absorbed and annexed under the commission to Sir Edmund Andros of 1688 and finally in to the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1691.
Spanish Lands
Each of the three above charters and the letters patent to Sir Robert Heath also contained a clause which, in effect, stated that although the King was granting the land in trust to the various parties through that particular Charter, such a grant could not, and did not, include any land already inhabited or held by any Christian Prince or King.
France and Spain had already laid claim to all the land west of the Mississippi River and Florida, and France also had claim on the land which today comprises a large chunk of Tennessee. Mississippi and Alabama. All the above named Charters granted the land in trust to the parties thereto between the parallels concerned. namely 30 North and 40 North to the Virginia Company, and from 40 North to 48 North to the Company of New England, so in each case, the land granted could, at most, extend from the eastern seaboard coast to. at most, the Mississippi River.
The patents to Bradford and the Company of the Mayflower, as mentioned above, were granted by the Plymouth council in 1629, parts of which were as follows;
Charter of the Colony of New Plymouth granted to William Bradford and his associates by the council established at Plymouth for the ruling and governing of New England in America.
January 10, 1629
It states that; by the authorities of His late majesty ________.
Six years later the members of the council for New England at Plymouth surrendered the charter of the New England Company..
Land Patent to Sir Robert Heath,
October 30, 1629
In this letter Patent it stated: "Know therefore that we...have given, granted & confirmed & by this our present charter to the said Sir Robert Heath. Knight, his heirs, assignees forever, doth give, grant and confirm all that river or rivulet of St. Matthew on the South Side, and all that river or rivulet of the great pass on the North side, and all the lands...within or between the said rivers...to the ocean upon the east side and so to the west so far as the continent extends itself and also all our islands of Bayous Brahma (now known as the Bahamas and Turks & Caucus Islands) and all other isles and islands which lie between the latitudes of 31 and 36 degrees of northern latitude..."
"To be held of us our heirs and successors Kings of England in chief by Knights service, by paying for it to us our heirs and successors one circle of gold fashioned in the form of a crown of the eight of twenty ounces...whensoever and as often as we, our heirs and successors shall enter the said region & also the fifth part of all the metals gold and silver which shall happen to be found."
"Know that we...by the fullness of our power...for us, our heirs and successors, we do erect and incorporate them into a Province and name the same Carolina, or the Province of Carolina, and the aforesaid Isles, The Carolinas Islands and so we will that in all times hereafter they shall be named,"
These Charters and letters Patent had, by 1629, formed the Colony of Virginia, and the Province of the Carolinas, later to become North and South Carolina, and what is known today as the states of Tennessee. Alabama. Georgia and Mississippi.
The Patent to Sir Robert Heath, Attorney General to the King, was revoked and declared void in 1663; the provisions called for by it and the covenants declared and agreed to in it had not been accomplished either by Heath or by his successors or assignees.
This revocation brought title and use of the lands of the Virginia Company back under the control of the Virginia company, and the title and use of the Bahamas. Turks and Caucus and other relevant Caribbean islands back into the hands of the English Crown.
The North, later referred to and known as the Union, was formed, predominantly through the Charter of the New England Company:
Surrender of the charter
of New England - 1635
Five years later, eleven years from their charter from the Plymouth Company and twenty years after their voyage, the same fate of the "Mayflower Company after years of legal wrangling concerning land titles: surrender is important to the purpose of this book and the document is reproduced in full:
The surrender of the
Plymouth Colony Patent by
William Bradford and others- 1640
The communications between the colonies and provinces of the northeast had reached a point where the various settlements and plantation were able to regularly keep in contact and where news of an event detrimental to the well being of one community could be communicated relatively quickly to its neighbor and, much like the situation in most village and small towns, the neighbors could quickly reach assistance to the unfortunate victim.
Such a system of mutual aid and assistance had to be agreed upon between the mass populous concerned, and the families of such a confederation for mutual defense and support, obviously, needed careful planning and organization.
The colonists and plantations of the New England Company formed such a confederation which was finally achieved with the signing of the articles of confederation of the United Colonies of New England on September 7th, 1643 at Boston, Massachusetts.
The Articles of Confederation of the
United Colonies of New England - 1643
The first suggestion for a union of the New England Colonies came from the magistrates and ministers of Connecticut in 1637. The proposal was renewed in 1638 and 1639; in 1640 the magistrates of Massachusetts Bay indicated acceptance of the proposal, but insisted that Rhode Island should not be admitted to the group.
In 1642 the civil wars in England led to a renewal of the proposal from Massachusetts Bay, and in May 1642. delegates from Plymouth. Connecticut and New Haven met with those of the Bay colony in Boston and agreed upon the articles of Confederation.
Rhode Island was consistently excluded from the Confederation. The union of the colonies of Connecticut and Hew Haven and the grant of a charter to Rhode Island practically put and end to the Confederation, but commissioners continued to hold meetings until 1684.
The Articles of Confederation between the Plantations under the Government of the Massachusetts, the Plantations under the Government of New Plymouth, the Plantations under the Government of Connecticut, and the Government of New Haven with the Plantations in Combination therewith:
The New England Confederation was formed in 1643 by four New England colonies. The confederation hoped to discourage attacks by New Netherland, other nearby colonies, and Indians.
The Thirteen Colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America. French territory lay to the north and west of the colonies, and Spanish territory lay to the south.
Commission of Sir Edmond Andros
of the Dominion of
New England April 7, 1688
This charter and appointment also allowed Andros to levy what ever taxes he saw fit to allow the issues of public money only by warrant or order of the Governor General (Andros).
Andros was also to create courts, and appoint judges, he was to create armed forces from the general populace, to build, fortresses and other fortifications for defense, and he was to make the courts to have jurisdiction over all maters, civil, criminal and marine.
This last order created the courts of admiralty to oversee cases of treasonous mutineers, or criminal transgression and courts under English Common Law for civil matters.
The commission of Andros set aside the Province of Pennsylvania, which, alone, included in the territory north of the 40th parallel, many lands being south of the 40th parallel used therefore in Virgins Company territory, and consolidated all other province and colonies northward to the St. Lawrence Seaway and then at the ocean into and under one governments.
It marked the last treaty or royal edict or letter of patents concerning the territory formerly of the New England Company, north of the 40th parallel. This later became known as the states of Maine. Vermont, Rhode Island. New York. New Jersey. Connecticut. Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.
The Southern Colonies,
Provinces and States
North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama & Mississippi After the revocation of the Letters Patent and Charter to Sir Robert Heath, King Charles II. by Charter for Carolina dated March 24, 1663, gave the same land, now named The Province of Carolina to eight (8) men:
"that we...have given, granted and confirmed...for us. our heirs and successors, do give, grant and confirm unto the said Edward. Earl of Clarendon. George. Duke of Albemarle, William. Lord craven. John. Lord Berkeley. Anthony. Lord Ashley. Sir George Carteret. Sir William Berkeley and sir John Colleton, their heirs and assigns, all that territory and tract of ground situate, lying and being within our dominions of America, extending from the north end of the island called Lucke Island, which lieth within the south Virginia seas, and within six and thirty degrees of the northern latitude, and to the west as far as the south seas [Pacific Ocean], and so southerly as far as the river St. Matthias [St. Matthew], which bordered upon the coast of Florida...to be holden of us, our heirs and successors forever...in free and common socage and not in capit, or by Knight Service, yielding and paying yearly to us, our heirs and successors the yearly rent of twenty marks of lawful money of England, at the feast of all saints, yearly, forever....also the fourth part of all gold or silver...which shall happen to be found".
The Charter of North Carolina of June 30, 1665 delineated a tract of land from thirty degrees north to thirty six degrees and thirty minutes (36 1/2 degrees) north, and from the east coast to the "south seas", and annexed that same tract to the northern part of the existing Province of Carolina and confirmed the western boundary of the Province as being the Pacific Ocean; it should not be forgotten, however, that the land claims of Spain and France as noted above.
This 1665 grant gave an effective northern boundary of the Province of Carolina which is today reflected in the northern borders of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee,
Most of the land which now comprises these three states was the territory of France, as noted above, and it was known as the Mississippi region until France ceded it to Great Britain in 1763.
Georgia
Georgia was formed by the Charter of George II for Georgia of June 9, 1732, in which was stated: "that we..do will, ordain, constitute, declare and grant that... [here follows a list of 19 men]... be and shall be one body corporate and politic in deed and by name in the name of the Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America...that they shall have perpetual succession...[and that] we do give and grant unto the said corporation...all of those lands, countries and territories situated, lying and being in that part of South Carolina...... which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah. all along the sea coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of...a river called the Alatamaha, and westerly from the heads of said rivers, respectively, in direct lines to the south seas [Pacific]."
South Carolina
In 1710 South Carolina became a separate Royal Province by decree of King George I after he had bought it back from the Proprietors (the original grantees of their heirs or assigns).
The Treaty of Paris Feb. 10, 1763
The Treaty of 1763 was signed on Feb. 10, 1763. It ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the French and Indian War in America. This treaty doomed French hopes for an empire in North America. Great Britain became the controlling power there and in India.
According to the terms of the Treaty of 1763, France gave all of what is now Canada to Great Britain. France received the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. and kept fishing rights off Newfoundland. Great Britain also received all French territories east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans, and Frances's trading centers in India.
Continental Congress
November 15,1777
and the Articles of Confederation
Arl. I. The Stile of this confederacy shall
be "The United States of America." Art. II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
Art. III. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.
Art. IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state, to any other state of which the Owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any state, on the property of the united states, or either of them.
If any Person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united states, he shall upon demand of the Governor or executive power, of the state from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence. Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the records, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other state.
Art. V. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the united states, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state, to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any lime within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the Year.
No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two. nor by more than seven Members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate. be capable of holding any office under the united stales. for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, tees or emolument of any kind.
Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the states, and while they act as members of the committee of the states.
In determining questions in the united states, in Congress assembled, each state shall have one vote.
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any Court, or place out of Congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
Art. VI. No state without the Consent of the united states in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, or alliance or treaty with any King, prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the united states, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the united states in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. No state shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the united states in congress assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress, to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the united states in congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the united states, in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state; but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage.
No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the united states in congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the united states in congress assembled, unless such slate be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the united states in congress assembled shall determine otherwise.
Art. VII. When land-forces arc raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment.
Art. VIII. All charges of war, and ail other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the united states in congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint.
The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several states within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.
Art. IX. The united states in congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article-of sending and receiving ambassadors-entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever-of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united states shall be divided or appropriated-of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.
The united states in congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following.
Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without shewing reasons, which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear to defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts of congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state, where the cause shall be tried, "wet! and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affection or hope of reward: provided also that no stale shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united states.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants arc adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the congress of the united states, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different states.
The united states in congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states-fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the united states.-regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the united states, and exacting such postage on the papers passing thro' the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office-appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the united states, excepting regimental officers-appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the united stales-making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.
The united slates in congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to be denominated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each state; and to appoint such other committees and sary for the defence and welfare of the united states, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the united states, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united states in congress assembled.
The congress of the united states shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united states, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six Months, and shall publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts (hereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each stale on any question shall be entered on the Journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcripl of the said Journal, except such parts as are above excepted to lay before the legislatures of the several states.
Art. X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall he authorised to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the united states in congress assembled, by the consent of nine stales, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states in the congress of the united states assembled is requisite.
Art. XI Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united states, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the fame, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states.
Art. XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and debts contracted by. or under the authority of congress, before the assembling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the united states, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said united states, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
Art. XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted lo them. And the Articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state.
AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union.
KNOW YE that we the under-signed delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress.
Done at Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania the ninth Day of July in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred and Seventy-eight, and in the third year of the independence of America.
The United States After the Revolution extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.
British territory lay to the north, and Spanish territory lay to the west and south.
The Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of 1783 ended the Revolutionary War in America. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay signed for the United States, and David Hartley signed for Great Britain on September 3. 1783.
The treaty established peace between Great Britain and the United States and formally recognized the United States.
The United States gained all the lands west to the Mississippi river, measuring from a point west of Lake of the Woods down to 31 degrees north latitude.
The treaty of 1783 also set the northern border for the United States territory. The United States received fishing rights in Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Both Great Britain and the United States received the right to use the Mississippi river.
The United States government agreed to recommend to the various states that they take measures to restore to the British Loyalists the lands taken from them during the war.
TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS
In the South
Almost all the lands which now comprise the States of Alabama. Mississippi. Tennessee. Florida and Louisiana were territories or possessions of either France or Spain, as noted in the previous chapter.
Once the land of the states of Tennessee. Alabama and Mississippi had been ceded to the British by the French in 1763, the following events took place, in chronological order, concerning:
Alabama
In 1783 much of what is now Alabama was ceded by Great Britain to the United States of America.
Tennessee
This region suffered several territorial disputes among the indigenous settlers, even to the point of having three of her counties unite to declare themselves a separate state, but to no avail as, in 1788.
North Carolina regained control of the region, and one year later, in 1789, it gave the Tennessee region to the United States of America.
Mississippi
In 1789 the Mississippi Territories were finally organized, sold by the British to, and made a part of, the United States of America.
Florida and Louisiana
Florida and Louisiana were both possessions and territories of Spain.
Louisiana
Louisiana was originally ceded to France by Spain through the Treaty of Ildefonso, of October 1, 1800, and France subsequently ceded it to the U.S. by the Treaty of Paris of 1803, which treaty is more commonly known as the Louisiana Purchase.
The terms of the purchase were that the United States would buy the land for the total price of sixty million francs, and the rate of exchange was set at 5.3333 francs per dollar. This gave the widely quoted price for the purchase at $11,250,000.
Cheap eh? Not quite..... The terms called for payment by means of stocks issued in the amount of $11,250,000, with interest at the rate of 6% per annum for fifteen years, thereafter the principal to be paid off in increments of not less than $3,000,000, per year. This gave a quite different amount when calculated out, as is shown overleat:
Item Description $ Costs $
Principal ............ 11.250.000
interest @ 6% for 15 years..............10.125.000
less $3,000,000 partial payment
interest on $8,250,000 for 15th year..... 495.000
less $3,000,000 partial payment
interest on $5,250,000 for 16th year .....315.000
less $3,000,000 partial payment
interest on $2,250,000 for 17th year..... 135.000
Sub total Purchase Cost.................$22,320,000
and this was not paid out in one large chunk, it was paid over seventeen (17) years!
Also add to that the amount of $3,750,000 which the United States agreed to pay to those who had claims and grievances against the United States, and the total comes to twenty six million and seventy thousand Dollar.
(1803) Louisiana Purchase Price
= $26,070,000.00
The Act of Congress which created this Stock and approved the purchase was passed on November 30, 1803.
One last note to add to the events of the Louisiana Purchase, at the time of the negotiation for the Louisiana purchase a member of the Bourbon family of France handled them.
You will recall it was around this timeframe that France was having great problems and the rightful heirs to the once throne of France had been murdered and Napoleon was the Empire but was not entitled to sell nor receive the money paid for the Louisiana Purchase.
The United States paid for the purchase into a bank in England because the Royal family of England was related to the Bourbon and Hapsburg families of France and Austria, so the money was believed to have been paid into a bank in England for the former Royal family of France to receive it in England.
Florida
Florida was originally owned by Spain, and came into the hands of the United States by two Treaties with Spain.
The first Treaty of 1795, as noted in Volume 8 of the Statutes at Large, on pages 138-153 of the 1848 edition, and it, among other things, mutually agreed to a boundary between the U.S. and the eastern Spanish territories of what is now Florida.
This border followed the current border between Alabama and Georgia and Florida, from the Perdido River along the thirty-first parallel to the Chattahoochee River, south to where today stands the Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, then in a straight line south of east to a point about three miles north of Moniac, in the Okefenokee Swamp, then down on the St. Mary's River, south and east to the Atlantic ocean.
The second Treaty concerning Florida was concluded in 1819, and it ceded all parts of Florida, both east and west of the Mississippi to the United States.
The eastern part was mentioned in the Treaty of 1795 as noted above.
The western part was far larger. The description of the western lands which were ceded to the United States in Article 3 of the 1819 Treaty was as follows:
"Article III"
The boundary line between the two countries, west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that river, to the 32d degree of latitude; thence, by a line due north, to the degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches. or Red River; then following the course of the Rio Roxo westward, to the degree of longitude 100 east from London and 23 west from Washington; then, crossing the said Red River, and running thence by a line due north, to the river Arkansas: thence following the southern bank of the river Arkansas, to its source, in latitude 42 north; and thence, by that parallel of latitude, to the South Sea...
The parties agree to cede and renounce all their rights, claims and pretensions to the territories described by the said line, that is to say: The United States hereby cede to His Catholic Majesty, and renounce forever, all their rights, claims and pretensions to the territories lying west and south of the above described line; and, in like manner. His Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States, all his rights, claims and pretensions to any territories east and north of the said line, and for himself, his heirs and successors, renounces all claim to the said territories forever."
At the time of the conclusion and signing of this treaty of 1819, all the lands which now comprise Montana, most of Wyoming, a third (1/3) of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, most of Kansas, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, most of Mississippi and most of Alabama as territories and possessions of the Corporation and Body Politic headquartered in Washington. D.C-- The United States of America.
Kentucky
Kentucky was created out of the Commonwealth of Virginia by the Act entitled "An Act creating Kentucky as an Independent State" which was passed by the Virginia Legislature on December 18, 1789.
The Oregon Territories
Washington, Oregon and Idaho
The parameters marking this territory are now found in the Southern. Eastern and Northern borders of Idaho, the Northern border of Washington State, and the southern border of Oregon state.
The conventions with Great Britain of 1818 and 1846 set the northern boundary with what is now Canada at the 49 parallel, and this followed eastward across the tops of Montana, North Dakota and Minnesota to lake of the Woods, thence down the Rainy River and through the many lakes, finally to follow the track of the Pigeon river to Lake Superior, exiting to the Pacific Ocean through the middle Puget Sound, allowing Canada to retain Vancouver Island.
The Government of this Territory was set up in the Thirtieth congress. First Session in 1848, and the second Session of the Thirty Second Congress formed the Territorial Government of Washington in 1853, noting that the border between Oregon in the south and Washington in the north should be from the Pacific Ocean through the center of the Columbia River eastwards to the town of Walla Walla, on the forty sixth degree of latitude, thence eastwards along the 46th parallel to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.
Expansion in the Mid-1800's extended the nation westward to the Pacific Ocean. The Oregon Country was ceded to the U.S. by Britain. The rest of the new territory came from Mexico.
The Civil War (1861-1865) split the nation into two parts the Confederacy and the Union. The Confederacy was made up of 11 Southern States that withdrew from the Union in 1860 and 1861.
Territories and Possessions
In the Union
Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio
The lands to the east of the Mississippi and to the northwest of the river Ohio were ceded to The United States of America by the deed of cession of March 4, 1794 wherein it was stated "we..by virtue of the power and authority committed to us by the act of the said General assembly of Virginia...[of October 20, 1783]....and in the name, and on the behalf of, the said Commonwealth do, by these presents, convey, assign and make over to The United States in Congress assembled...all right, title and claim, as well of soil as of jurisdiction...the territory or country within the limits of the Virginia charter [40 degrees to 48 degrees north], situate, lying and being to the northwest of the river Ohio, to and for the uses and purposes, and on the conditions of the said recited Act."
The United States in Congress Assembled subsequently, in Article V (5) of the Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio, dated July 13, 1787 stated:
"There shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States: and the boundaries of the States....shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The western State, in the said Territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash Rivers: a direct line drawn from the post Vincennes. due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada....the middle States shall be bounded by the said direct line the Wabash from Post Vincennes to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line: the eastern State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania and the said territorial line: And...if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of and east and west line drawn through the southerly bend of extreme of Lake Michigan."
The same treaty of 1819, which ceded "East Florida" to the United States, also ceded "West Florida", (west of the Mississippi) to the United States. "West Florida" was much larger. The description of these western lands ceded to the United States in Article III of the 1819 Treaty was as Follows:
Including Louisiana and New England and the Spanish Territories.
It included all eastern states. Louisiana. Oklahoma except for the handle, to the North east corner of Colorado most of Wyoming and Montana up to the 48th parallel.
The Republic of Texas and the United States Act approved on September 9, 1850 of the Thirty First Congress The Treaty with Mexico December 30, 1853
The Gadsden Purchase ended the Mexican War in 1848 left some doubt about the western part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States.
To clear up this question, and also to provide the United States with a good southern railroad route to the Pacific Coast, the government bought from Mexico a strip of land that included the region south of the Gila River in what is now Arizona and New Mexico. The United States paid $10 million for the 29.640 square miles in the purchase. Territory in the Gadsden Purchase.
17
WASHINGTON D.C.
AND
THE NAME
CHANGE OF THE VIRGINIA COMPANY
The earlier formed company by the name of the "Virginia Company" was in need of some revamping and it
was time for a name change and some reorganization for the company owned by the King of England and still
is. Another effort to hide ownership and give the people false hope of freedom from an outside controlling
monarch in this country. The united states of America has for some time been owned by the crown of England
and the Declaration of Independence did not set us (the common people) free from the outright ownership of
this country by the original 48 controlling families of Europe. The "Virginia Company" was renamed the
United States of American a corporation and body politic (a southern based corporation). The owners
remained the same the name just changed. Soon after the new incorporation of the company of the United States of America a proposal for a "federal town" for the deliberations of the Continental Congress were made in 1789. John Adams, presiding officer of the Senate, cast the deciding vote of that body for Germantown, Pa. In 1790 Congress compromised by making Philadelphia the temporary capital for 10 years. The former and still present Virginia Company members of the House wanted a capital on the eastern bank of the Potomac; they were defeated by the Northerners, while the Southerners defeated the Northern attempt to have the nation assume the war debts of the 13 original states, the Assumption Bill fathered by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton and Jefferson arranged a compromise; the Virginia men voted for the Assumption Bill, and the Northerners conceded the capital to the Potomac. President Washington chose the site in October of 1790 and persuaded landowners to sell their holdings to the new government at about $66, an acre. These areas of land that Washington chose were about 30 square miles of land west of the Potomac. The city's present territory had belonged to Maryland, and the land west of the river was part of Virginia. The two states turned over the territory to the federal government a corporation and body politic.
WHERE IS THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA?
The corporation of the "United States of America" all big letters only occupies 68 square miles which is today known as Washington the District of Columbia.
This is a most important fact to always remember. Everything outside of this 68 square miles is not as you have been lead to believe the "United States of America" it is the "united States" of America.
WHY CAN THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT CONTROL YOU THEN?
Because you don't understand verbiage, its all in the semantics, you know. We will cover a couple of ways they have made you become a part of their controlling corporation and body politic. They have placed you under contract, and you are unknowing of this action by this corporation. You have agreed to the rules of their system. And over and over again you have signed your rights away. For example:
U.S. citizen means the United States Corporation has jurisdiction over you or kingship ruler. This goes back to the English control. The way it should be is states in this type of verbiage; I am a citizen of the united states. Now you have jurisdiction over the United States or Kingship, you have not given your freedom and power away to a corporation or system that you do not want to be controlled by.
Since 1938 they have been giving people false promises and tricking people into becoming a card carrying member of their system, (the United States), by first telling you it is voluntary to joint the Social Security System and now it has become damn near mandatory to do anything you have to have a Social Security System Card, that number is required to get a drivers license, a bank account, get into school, get a passport and the list goes on and many call it part of the mark of the beast.
For example paying taxes to the Internal Revenue and the military draft is voluntary, if you sign away your rights by applying for a social security number, you are now a part of their system, the United States of America, and must play by their rules.
When you sign for the social security number you also give the system of the United States Government jurisdiction over you anywhere in the world.
You are no longer a free man, you gave that right away when you applied for that number. Many of us have been placed into this system by our parents, who didn't know what they were putting their child into.
Parents nowadays are not able to use children as tax deductions unless the child has a social security number. There after the child or even and uninformed adult is placed into a system of control by "Fraud".
Detail from an engraving by Andrew Ellicott (1792); Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division
Pierre L'Enfant's Plan for the city of Washington showed the
location of the Capitol, White House, and Mall. President George
Washington hired L'Enfant, a French engineer, to plan the city.
18
DO YOU REALLY UNDERSTAND
THE TERM UNITED STATES?
United States of America -- united States of America DO THEY MEAN THE SAME THING?
The very first thing you must do is look at a statute (law created by men) that uses the term "United States" is a metaphor. In other words, it can mean more than one thing, depending on how it is used. ( Cunard S. S. Co, vs. Mellon, 262 US 100, pg. 122.) I will not quote any of the cases, but will only give you the cities (case#), unless it is imperative that I quote from the case. The term "united States" can have more than one meaning. It is referred to in Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Ed., pg. 1375. and the Supreme Court States:
"The term "United States" may be used in one of several senses. It may be merely the name of a sovereign in a family of nations. It may designate territory over which sovereignty of the United States extends, or it may be a collective name of the States which are united by and under the Constitution." -Hooven & Allison Co. vs. Evatt, 324 US 652, pg. 672 & 673.
When looking at statutes, one must look at what the Supreme Court said with reference to understanding a statute;
"The starting point in any endeavor to construe a Statute is always the words of the Statute itself; unless Congress has clearly indicated that its intention are contrary to the words it employed in the Statute, this is the ending point of interpretation."Richards vs. United States, 369 US 1, 9, 82 S. Ct. 585, 590, 7 I. Ed. 2nd. 492(1962).
We now go to the Federalist Papers which explain what the words expressed in the Constitution meant by the very people who helped write them. They are explaining intent.
Both the Federalist Papers and the Constitution are in plain English and contain no legal jargon, so they cannot be misunderstood.
You must read Federalist Paper 39 wherein it states"... first in order to ascertain the real character of the government, it may be considered in relation to the foundation...(preamble)., on which it is to be established;....". Now comes the hard part. In Federalist Papers 1 through 7 the term "United States" is never mentioned except for the first sentence in Federalist Paper No. I. The Framers spoke only of America which was the thirteen colonies (States) as there was no United States.
These Framers were the People of the Colonies. They were telling the people of America that they were going to form a more perfect Union by creating, first the United States, which was not one of the Colonies, but a separate entity in itself.
To prove this, the last eight words of the preamble ("this Constitution for the United States of America") explains it, wherein they stated that they were going to establish a Constitution for the entity called the United belonging to America. If you have a hard time grasping what I am saying, then look up the word "of in the dictionary. Does it not say "belonging to"? It also means "Origin." Remember, America, the States of the Union, cannot and does not belong to the united States which was formed by the Framers (people of america who were calling themselves at that time "We the People of the United States, "for they equated themselves as the origin of the United States. Look up the definition of "United States" in Bouvier's 1870 Dictionary. In this instance, the word "of means origin. They did not say "We the People of the united States of America," did they?
They did create a Constitution (or Contract) FOR the United States which belongs to (of) America. America is the Union of States united by and under the Constitution, as the Hooven Court stated, that ratified the contract in which it was understood the States gave only limited rights which were enumerated (spelled out) in the main body of the Constitution.
Federalist paper # 15 proves my above statements. "The great and radical vice in the construction of the existing Confederation is in the principle of LEGISLATION for STATES for GOVERNMENT, in their CORPORATE or COLLECTED CAPACITY, as contradistinguished from the INDIVIDUALS of whom they consist."
Though this principle does not run through all the power delegated to the Union, yet it pervades and governs those on which the efficacy of the rest depends. Except as to the rule of apportionment, the United States have an indefinite discretion to make requisitions for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either by regulation extending to the individual citizens of America.
Now let us move to a modern-day definition. In a Tax case cited as Moore vs. U.S., 87-1 USTC 9848: "MEMORANDUM ORDER AND OPINION....Defendant United States of America ("United States") has filed...." Here again is proof that the term United States of America, in plain English, means the United States, and not the 50 States of the Union (has filed, not have filed!).
Since you can define the United States three ways you had better be sure how the term United States is being used. Are you a Citizen or citizen?
1. I am a Citizen of the United States like you are a Citizen of China. Here you have defined yourself as a National from a Nation with regard to another Nation.
2. I am a United States Citizen. Here you have defined yourself as a person residing in the District of Columbia, one of its Territories, or federal enclaves (area within a Union State) or living abroad, which could be in one of the States of the Union.
3. I am a Citizen of these United States. Here you have defined yourself as a Citizen of one of the 50 States united by and under the Constitution.
The way to make statement #3 grammatically correct is, "I am a Citizen of these united States."
This would be as it was written in the Declaration of Independence, providing you get a copy of the Original Document. What is now printed in the books has been changed to a Capital "U" for united.
One other way #3 can be stated is; I am a Citizen of the united States.
When you use the term United States, it can be plural or singular. This phrase; "Every person born or naturalized in the defines the United States in its singular form because of the work"its."
This is found in 26 CFR 1.1-1 (c) which is a United States regulation, that cannot be used on an American citizen. See Hamilton Fed. Paper #15 supra. Citizen with a small "c" denotes and inferior subject to the capitalized United States, which is a proper Noun. Also for the United States to be plural the phrase would have to state, ".... and subject to their jurisdiction..." Notice how nicely the people who write the tax laws use correct and proper English. Most Americans don't bother to sit down with Congress' definitions and find out how the exact words are used in the Taxing Statutes.
The definitions used in 26 USC or 26 CFR are very clear in defining State and United States. In every definition that used the work "include," only the words that follow are defining the Term. For example:
SEC. 3121 (e) (1) "State. The term "State" includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam and American Samoa."
SEC. 7701 (a) (9) "United States. The term "United States" when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia."
The Government has used these definitions correctly but people assume they mean the 50 States of the Union (American) when they look at the word States in 7701 (a) (9). You cannot use common everyday usage of the words "United States" or "State" when talking about the Tax Laws.
Please go to your Library and pick up the Omnibus Acts. They can be found by looking up 86th Congress volume 73, 1959, volume 74, 1960. These are Public Laws 86-70, 86-624. This points out the crafty way the Government uses correct English and how Congress changes words by using their definitions, because all the United States codes had to be changed to allow Alaska and Hawaii to join the Union of States, a glaring example is when Alaska joined, congress added a new definition, that being, "Continental United States."
"Sec. 48. Whenever the phrase "continental United States" is used in any law of the United States enacted after the date of enactment of this Act, it shall mean the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia, unless otherwise expressly provided."
When is it expressly provided?
"Sec. 22(a) Section 2202 of the Internal Revenue code of 1954 (relating to missionaries in foreign service), and section 3121 (e) (1), 3306 (j), 4221 (d) (4), and 4233 (b) of such code (each relating to a special definition of "State") are amended by striking out "Alaska."
"(b) Section 4262 (c) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (definition of "continental United States";--The term "continental United States" means the District of Columbia and the "States" other than Alaska and Hawaii.
WHAT ARE THE STATES OTHER THAN ALASKA AND HAWAII? They certainly can't be the other 48 States united by and under the Constitution, because Alaska and Hawaii just joined them, Right? The same definitions apply to the Social Security Acts. So what is left, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, etc. These are the States of (belonging to) the United States and are referred to as "the States of the United States." Do not confuse this term with States of the Union, remember what the word "of means.
Congress can change the definition of United States for two sentences and then revert back to the definition it used before the two sentences. This is what they did in Public Law 86-624, pg. 414, under School Operation Assistance in Federally affected areas (d) (2):
"The fourth sentence of such subsection is amended by striking out "in the continental United States (other than Puerto Rico. Wake Island, Guam, or the Virgin Islands)" and by striking out "continental United States" in clause (ii) of such sentence and inserting in lieu thereof "United States (which for purposes of this sentence and the next sentence means the fifty States and the District of Columbia)." The fifth sentence of such subsection is amended by striking out "continental" before "United States" each time it appears therein and by striking out (including Alaska)."
Now since typewriters could be purchased from the areas that just joined the Union, according to Title 1. Congress had to use a term that is NOT used in the Internal Revenue Code.
"Sec. 45. Title 1 of the Independent Office Appropriation Act, 1960, is amended by striking out the words "for the purchase within the continental limits of the United States of any typewriting machines" and inserting in lieu thereof "for the purchase within the STATES OF THE UNION and the District of Columbia of any typewriting machines."
Another point brought out by the Omnibus Acts is that Selective Service Sec. 36 Section 16 (b) does not apply to the 50 States of the Union.
Does this prove that lack of knowledge will keep you in chains?
AN ANALOGY TO THE ABOVE
This would be like saying, "the dog's bone." You haven't defined whose bone it is. It could belong to the dog next door, but drop the letter "s" from dogs, put in "and it's." (i.e.. and it's the dog bone) then it's no question that it belongs to A dog. But what dog, yours or the one next door.
Now have you assumed the bone I'm talking about is a bone a dog would eat? Could be, because I haven't defined the type of bone it is, have I?
The United States is a proper noun ending in "S" so the "S" is not dropped when made a singular noun. I won't do your thinking for you. but look what Congress did in 26 CFR 1-1.1 A, B & C.
I never say I am a United states citizen. Since citizen in this case is used in 26 CFR ! 1-l (c), it means you are subject to its (United States) jurisdiction since you are deemed to be a citizen "of the U.S.. residing "at Home" (D. C.) or residing abroad.
Remember. Congress can and does define any term to its liking as long as it serves their purpose. A grey elephant today can be defined as a pink elephant tomorrow, so don't argue that it's a grey elephant in court the day after tomorrow.
Have you ever heard the President being introduced on TV or at any public function as "the President of the United States of America?
NO? Why not?
Who does he preside over?
Does the Governor of your State ask Bush to OK a final Bill that he just signed?
Here are the facts concerning the term "United States" used in the Tax Laws:
1. "United States" docs not mean the fifty States of the Union, unless Expressly stated.
2. "United states" means areas within the fifty States of the Union which are ceded to the "United States."
3. "United state"means the possessions which are states of Guam, american Samoa. Puerto Rico, and the (American) Virgin Islands.
4. Both 2 and 3 are called "states" and are not to be confused with States of the Union.
5. "United States" are; Congress assembled, at home (the seat of Government), District of Columbia and its territories (called states) and possessions (ceded areas).
6. "United States" citizen does not mean a Union State Citizen. Fact number 5 "at home," as used in the first Income Tax Act of 1913, means the east of Government as defined in dictionaries at that time. You will not find the term "at Home" in modern-day dictionaries. What are Ceded areas? Look in your State Statues for the areas which your State ceded (turned over) to the United States. For example:
New Jersey Statute Annotated. Title 52. Chapter 30. Sec. 1.2. & e. General Laws of Idaho Annotated. Chapter
7. Sec. 58701. 702. 705. Missouri Statutes, chapter 12, Sec. 12.010. 020. 030. & 040. Constitution of the State of Texas, Art. 16. Sec. 34, & Revised Civil Statute, Title 85, Art. 5242 to 5252.
Why all this confusion over the simple term "United States?" Everybody knows that the District of Columbia is not a State like the 50 States of the Union, and yet it is referred to in all the United States Codes as a "State."
This is why:
"The District of Columbia is not a "state" within meaning of the constitution." - U.S. vs. Virginia, 1805
"Under Act of Congress of 1801, 2 Stat. 103, assuming the government of the District of Columbia in virtue of the secession from Maryland and Virginia, the laws of those states and the proceeding in their courts as parts of those laws were recognized within such portion of the district respectively, as originally were within the limits of the ceding states." - U. S. vs. Eliason, 41 U.S. 291, 16 Peter 291,10 L Ed. 968
"The corporation which 16 Stat. 419 created by the name of the District of Columbia succeeded to the property and liabilities of the corporations which were thereby abolished." District of Columbia vs. Cluss, 103 U. S. 705, 26 L Ed. 445
The District of Columbia is a corporation (and body politic) which is also known as "United States." It must have its own definition for "State" since it and the Territorial states (Guam, etc.) were not formed by and under the Constitution. Since it is the Primary State owning Guam, Puerto Rico, etc., it is referred to a "States" in Income Tax and Social Security laws, as well as all other Codes of the United States.
How are these states lumped together with the 50 American States in the Internal Revenue Code when they cannot be classed as States under the Constitution? Use the word "means," because to use "includes" as defined in IRS is restrictive. An example. Sec. 6103 (b)(5) States;
"The term State means any of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands."
In the spoken form you must ask the person who is asking the question to define the way they are using the term "United States" such as Is it the 50 States of the Union united by and under the constitution, is it the District of Columbia and its Enclaves & Possessions, or are you referring to the Nation? Remember, this Article deals only in defining the tennis "United States", "united States" and "America".
Next
THE ILLUMINATI GOING TO AMERICA
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